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United States PatentRE39649
LehmannMay 22, 2007
Title
Consensus phytases
Abstract
A process for obtaining a consensus protein from a group of amino acid sequences of a defined protein family, proteins and polynucleotides so obtained, and compositions containing such proteins.
Inventors:Lehmann; Martin (Grenzach-Wyhlen, DE)
Assignee:DSM IP Assets B.V. (TE Heerlen, NL)
Appl. No.:11/137,849
Filed:May 24, 2005
PCT Pub Date:May 22, 2007
Foreign Application Priority Data
Jul 24, 1997 [EP] 97112688
Current U.S. Class:536/23.2 435/195 435/196 435/252.3 435/320.1 435/325 435/69.1 530/350 
Current International Class:C07H 21/04 (20060101) C12P 21/00 (20060101)
Field of Search:435/195,196,320.1,69.1,252.3,325 536/23.2 530/350
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5443979August 1995Vanderbeke et al.
5863533January 1999Van Gorcom et al.
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6358722March 2002Van Loon et al.
6391605May 2002Kostrewa et al.
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235 478Sep., 1990NZ
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Primary Examiner: Prouty; Rebecca E.
Assistant Examiner: Ramirez; Delia M.
Attorney, Agent or Firm:Bryan Cave LLP
Parent Case Text


This is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 09/121,425, filed Jul. 23, 1998, now U.S. Pat. No. 6,153,418.
Claims

What is claimed is:
1. A .Iadd.purified .Iaddend.polynucleotide encoding a consensus protein of .[.SEQ ID NO:2.]. .Iadd.SEQ ID NO:17.Iaddend..

2. A .Iadd.purified .Iaddend.polynucleotide encoding a consensus protein of .[.SEQ ID NO:1.]. .Iadd.SEQ ID NO:15.Iaddend..

3. A .Iadd.purified .Iaddend.polynucleotide which encodes a consensus protein having the amino acid sequence of .[.SEQ ID NO:2.]. .Iadd.SEQ ID NO:17 .Iaddend.except that Q at position 50 has been replaced by L, T, or G.

4. A .Iadd.purified .Iaddend.polynucleotide which encodes a consensus protein having the amino acid sequence of .[.SEQ ID NO:2.]. .Iadd.SEQ ID NO: 17 .Iaddend.except that Q at position 50 has been replaced by T and Y at position 51 has been replaced by N.

5. A .Iadd.purified .Iaddend.polynucleotide which encodes a consensus protein having the amino acid sequence of .[.SEQ ID NO:2.]. .Iadd.SEQ ID NO:17 .Iaddend.except that Q at position 50 has been replaced by L and Y at position 51 has been replaced by N.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Phytases (myo-inositol hexakisphosphate phosphohydrolases; EC3.1.3.8) are enzymes that hydrolyze phytate (myo-inositol hexakisphosphate) to myo-inositol and inorganic phosphate and are known to be valuable feed additives.

A phytase was first described in rice bran in 1907 [Suzuki et al., Bull. Coll. Agr. Tokio Imp. Univ. 7, 495 (1907)] and phytases from Aspergillus species in 1911 [Dox and Golden, J. Biol. Chem. 10, 183-186 (1911)]. Phytases have also been found in wheat bran, plant seeds, animal intestines and in microorganisms [Howsen and Davis, Enzyme Microb. Technol. 5, 377-382 (1983), Lambrechts et al., Biotech. Lett. 14, 61-66 (1992), Shieh and Ware, Appl. Microbiol. 16, 1348-1351 (1968)].

The cloning and expression of the phytase from Aspergillus niger (ficuum) has been described by Van Hartingsveldt et al., in Gene, 127, 87-94 (1993) and in European Patent Application, Publication No. (EP) 420 358 and from Aspergillus niger var. awamori by Piddington et al., in Gene 133, 55-62 (1993).

Cloning, expression and purification of phytases with improved properties have been disclosed in EP 684 313. However, since there is a still ongoing need for further improved phytases, especially with respect to the thermostability, it is an object of the present invention to provide the following process which is, however, not only applicable to phytases.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention herein is a process for the preparation of a consensus protein, especially a phytase. The invention is also directed to a consensus phytase and to a DNA sequence encoding the consensus phytase. As is well known, a consensus protein is a new protein whose sequence is created from sequence information obtained from at least three other proteins having a similar biological activity. The object in preparing a consensus protein is to obtain a single protein which combines the advantageous properties of the original proteins.

The process is characterized by the following steps: a) at least three preferably four amino acid sequences of a defined protein family are aligned by any standard alignment program known in the art; b) amino acids at the same position according to such alignment are compared regarding their evolutionary similarity by any standard program known in the art, whereas the degree of similarity provided by such a program which defines the least similarity of the amino acids that is used for the determination of an amino acid of corresponding positions is set to a less stringent number and the parameters are set in such a way that it is possible for the program to determine from only 2 identical amino acids at a corresponding position an amino acid for the consensus protein; however, if among the compared amino acid sequences are sequences that show a much higher degree of similarity to each other than to the residual sequences, the sequences are represented by their consensus sequence determined as defined in the same way as to the present process for the consensus sequence of the consensus protein or a vote weight of 1 divided by the number of such sequences is assigned to every of those sequences. c) in case no common amino acid at a defined position can be identified by the program, any of the amino acids of all sequences used for the comparison, preferably the most frequent amino acid of all such sequences is selected or an amino acid is selected on the basis of the consideration given in Example 2. d) once the consensus sequence has been defined, such sequence is back-translated into a DNA sequence, preferably using a codon frequency table of the organism in which expression should take place; e) the DNA sequence is synthesized by methods known in the art and used either integrated into a suitable expression vector or by itself to transform an appropriate host cell; f) the transformed host cell is grown under suitable culture conditions and the consensus protein is isolated from the host cell or its culture medium by methods known in the art.

In a preferred embodiment of this process step b) can also be defined as follows: b) amino acids at the same position according to such an alignment are compared regarding their evolutionary similarity by any standard program known in the art, whereas the degree of similarity provided by such program is set at the lowest possible value and the amino acid which is the most similar for at least half of the sequences used for the comparison is selected for the corresponding position in the amino acid sequence of the consensus protein.

Thus the claimed invention is a process for obtaining a consensus protein from a group of amino acid sequences of a defined protein family, which comprises: a) aligning a group consisting of three to one hundred, but preferably three or four amino acid sequences from a defined protein family; b) comparing the evolutionary similarity of amino acids which occupy a position in the aligned sequences to select a consensus amino acid for said position using a system which is so organized that if two amino acids which occupy said position are identical, then the identical amino acid is selected as the consensus amino acid for said position, unless three or more other amino acids at said position have a higher degree of structural similarity to each other than to the identical amino acid, in which case the amino acid which has the highest degree of evolutionary similarity to the other amino acids is selected as the consensus amino acid for said position, with the proviso that if a set of amino acid sequences exists within the group of step a) such that the amino acid sequences within the set have more evolutionary similarity to each other than to any of the amino acid sequences of the group which are not part of the set, then the amino acids which occupy said position in members of the set will have a vote weight of one divided by the number of amino acid sequences in the set where the amino acids which occupy said position in amino acid sequences which are not in the set will have a vote weight of one, and repeating the procedure for each position in the aligned group of amino acid sequences; c) if no consensus amino acid for said position is obtained by the method of step b), then any amino acid at said position is selected as the consensus sequence, preferably the most frequent amino acid; d) combining the consensus amino acids obtained in steps b) and c) obtain a consensus amino acid sequence; e) translating the consensus amino acid sequence into a DNA sequence, preferably using a codon frequency table specific to whichever host organism has been selected for expressing the DNA sequence; f) obtaining the DNA sequence and using said DNA sequence to express a protein which is the consensus protein of the defined protein family.

The present invention is also directed to new phytases, preferably phytases having the amino acid sequence depicted in FIG. 2 and variants and muteins thereof. In addition, the invention includes polynucleotides which encode such new phytases.

.Iadd.A .Iaddend.BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1: Calculation of the consensus phytase sequence from the alignment of nearly all known fungal phytase amino acid sequences. The letters represent the amino acid residues in the one-letter code. The following sequences were used for the alignment: phyA from Aspergillus terreus 9A-1 (Mitchell et al., 1997; from amino acid (aa) 27) .Iadd.(SEQ ID NO: 1).Iaddend. , phyA from Aspergillus terreus cbs116.46 (van Loon et al., 1997; from aa 27) .Iadd.(SEQ ID NO: 2).Iaddend. , phyA from Aspergillus niger var. awamori (Piddington et al., 1993; from aa 27) .Iadd.(SEQ ID NO: 3).Iaddend. , phyA from Aspergillus niger T213.[.;.]. .Iadd.(.Iaddend.from aa 27) .Iadd.(SEQ ID NO: 4).Iaddend. , phyA from Aspergillus niger strain NRRL3135 (van Hartingsveldt et al., 1993; from aa 27) .Iadd.(SEQ ID NO: 5).Iaddend. , phyA from Aspergillus fumigatus ATCC 13073 (Pasamontes et al., 1997b; from aa 25) .Iadd.(SEQ ID NO: 6).Iaddend. , phyA from Aspergillus fumigatus ATCC 32722 (van Loon et al., 1997; from aa 27) .Iadd.(SEQ ID NO: 7).Iaddend. , phyA from Aspergillus fumigatus ATCC 58128 (van Loon et al., 1997; from aa 27) .Iadd.(SEQ ID NO: 8).Iaddend. , phyA from Aspergillus fumigatus ATCC 26906 (van Loon et al., 1997; from aa 27) .Iadd.(SEQ ID NO:
9), .Iaddend.phyA from Aspergillus fumigatus ATCC 32239 (van Loon et al., 1997; from 30) .Iadd.(SEQ ID NO: 10).Iaddend. , phyA from Aspergillus nidulans (Pasamontes et al., 1997a; from aa 25.Iadd.) (SEQ ID NO: 11), .Iaddend.phyA from Talaromyces thermophilus (Pasamontes et al., 1997a; from aa 24) .Iadd.(SEQ ID NO: 12).Iaddend. , and phyA from Myceliophthora thermophila (Mitchell et al., 1997; from aa 19) .Iadd.(SEQ ID NO: 13).Iaddend. . The alignment was calculated using the program PILEUP. The location of the gaps was refined by hand. Capitalized amino acid residues in the alignment at a given position belong to the amino acid coalition that establish the consensus residue. In bold, beneath the calculated consensus sequence .Iadd.(SEQ ID NO: 14).Iaddend. , the amino acid sequence of the finally constructed fungal consensus phytase (Fcp) is shown .Iadd.(SEQ ID NO: 15).Iaddend. . The gaps in the calculated consensus sequence were filled by hand according to principals stated in Example
2.

FIG. 2: DNA sequence of the fungal consensus phytase gene (fcp) .Iadd.(SEQ ID NO: 16) .Iaddend.and of the primers synthesized for gene construction. The calculated amino acid sequence (FIG. 1) was converted into a DNA sequence using the program BACKTRANSLATE (Devereux et al., 1984), and the codon frequency table of highly expressed yeast genes (GCG program package, 9.0). The signal peptide of the phytase from A. terreus cbs was fused to the N-terminus. The bold bases represent the sequences of the oligonucleotides used to generate the gene. The names of the respective oligonucleotides are noted above or below the sequence. The underlined bases represent the start and stop codons of the gene. The bases written in italics show the two introduced Eco RI sites. .Iadd.The amino acid sequence of the encoded polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 17) is also shown..Iaddend.

FIG. 3: Temperature optimum of fungal consensus phytase and other phytases used to calculate the consensus sequence. For the determination of the temperature optimum, the phytase standard assay was performed at a series of temperatures between
37 and 85.degree. C. The phytases used were purified according Example 5y, .gradient.o; fungal consensus phytase; .tangle-solidup., A. fumigatus 13073 phytase; .quadrature., A. niger NRRL3135 phytase; .largecircle., A. nidulans phytase; .box-solid., A. terreus 9A-1 phytase; .circle-solid., A. terreus cbs phytase.

FIG. 4: The pH-dependent activity profile of fungal consensus phytase and of the mutant Q50L, Q50T, and Q50G. The phytase activity was determined using the standard assay in appropriate buffers (see Example 9) at different pH-values. Plot: a) shows a comparison of fungal consensus phytase (.circle-solid.) to the mutants Q50L (.gradient.), Q50T (.tangle-solidup.), and Q50G (.largecircle.) in percent activity. Plot b) shows a comparison of fungal consensus phytase (.largecircle.) to mutant Q50L (.circle-solid.) and Q50T (.gradient.) using the specific activity of the purified enzymes expressed in H. polymorpha.

FIG. 5: The pH-dependent activity profile of the mutants Q50L, Y51N and Q50T, Y51N in comparison to the mutants Q50T and Q50L of fungal consensus phytase. The phytase activity was determined using the standard assay in appropriate buffers (see Example 9) at different pH-values. Graph a) shows the influence of the mutation Y51N (.circle-solid.) on mutant Q50L (.largecircle.). Graph b) shows the influence of the same mutation (.circle-solid.) on mutant Q50T (.largecircle.).

FIG. 6: Substrate specificity of fungal consensus phytase and its mutants Q50L, Q50T, and Q50G. The bars represent the relative activity in comparison to the activity with phytic acid (100%) with a variety of known natural and synthetic phosphorylated compounds.

FIG. 7: Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) of fungal consensus phytase and its mutant Q50T. The protein samples were concentrated to carry 50-60 mg/ml and extensively dialyzed against 10 mM sodium acetate, pH 5 A constant heating rate of
10.degree. C./min was applied up to 90.degree. C. DSC of consensus phytase Q50T (upper graph) yielded in a melting temperature of 78.9.degree. C., which is nearly identical to the melting point of fungal consensus phytase (78.1.degree. C., lower graph).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

A preferred embodiment of this whole process can be seen in a process in which a sequence is choosen from a number of highly homologous sequences and only those amino acid residues are replaced which clearly differ from a consensus, sequence of this protein family calculated under moderately stringent conditions, while at all positions of the alignment where the method is not able to determine an amino acid under moderately stringent conditions the amino acids of the preferred sequence are taken.

It is furthermore an object of the present invention to provide such a process, wherein the program used for the comparison of amino acids at a defined position regarding their evolutionary similarity is the program "PRETTY". It is more specifically an object of the present invention to provide such a process, wherein the defined protein family is the family of phytases, especially wherein the phytases are of fungal origin.

It is furthermore an object of the present invention to provide such processes, wherein the host cell is of eukaryotic, especially fungal, preferably Aspergillus or yeast, preferably Saccharomyces or Hansenula origin. It is also an object of the present invention to provide a consensus protein obtainable by such a process. A preferred consensus protein obtained by the present process is of the defined protein family of phytases. The especially preferred consensus phytase is created based on phytase sequences from: Aspergillus terreus 9A-1, aa 27 (Mitchell et al., 1997); Aspergillus terreus cbs116.46, aa 27 (van Loon et al., 1997); Aspergillus niger var. awamori, aa 27 (Piddington et al., 1993); Aspergillus niger T213, aa 27; Aspergillus niger strain NRRL3135 aa 27 (van Hartingsveldt et al., 1993); Aspergillus fumigatus ATCC 13073, aa 26 (Pasamontes et al., 1997); Aspergillus fumigatus ATCC 32722, aa 26 (van Loon et al., 1997); Aspergillus fumigatus ATCC 58128, aa 26 (van Loon et al.,
1997); Aspergillus fumigatus ATCC 26906, aa 26 (van Loon et al., 1997); Aspergillus fumigatus ATCC 32239, aa 30 (van Loon et al., 1997); Aspergillus nidulans, aa 25 (Pasamontes et al., 1997a); Talaromyces thermophilus ATCC 20186, aa 24 (Pasamontes et al., 1997a); and Myceliophthora thermophila, aa 19 (Mitchell et al., 1997). Therefore the preferred group of amino acid sequences used in the process of this invention is the amino acid sequences encoding the phrases of the above fungi.

The preferred phytase of the invention is a consensus protein whose sequence is created based on the sequences of the twelve phytases shown in Table 3, below, but which is not highly homologous to any of the twelve phytases in that the consensus phytase is not more than about 80% identical to any of the twelve phytases. The present invention is particularly directed to a consensus phytase which has the amino acid sequence shown in FIG. 2 or a variant or mutein thereof. The consensus phytase of FIG. 2 is not highly homologous to any of the twelve phytases which were used to create its sequence, as can be seen from the sequence comparison results shown in Table 3. Another consensus phytase of this invention has the sequence shown in FIG. 1 as consensus phytase (bottom line in boldface type) or a variant or mutein thereof.

A "variant" of the consensus phytase with amino acid sequence shown in FIG. 1 or preferably FIG. 2 is the consensus phytase of Figure or preferably FIG. 2 in which at one or more positions amino acids have been deleted, added or replaced by one or more other amino acids with the proviso that the resulting sequence provides for a phytase whose basic properties like enzymatic activity (type of and specific activity), thermostability, activity in a certain pH-range (pH-stability) have not significantly been changed. "Significantly" means in this context that a skilled person would say that the properties of the variant may still be different but would not be unobvious over the ones of the consensus phytase with the amino acid sequence of FIG. 1 or FIG. 2 itself.

A mutein refers in the context of the present invention to replacements of the amino acid in the amino acid sequence of the consensus protein shown in FIG. 1 o preferably FIG. 2 which lead to consensus proteins with further improved properties, e.g., activity. Such muteins can be defined and prepared on the basis of the teachings given in European Patent Application number 97810175.6, e.g., Q50L, Q50T, Q50G, Q50L-Y51N, or Q50T-Y51N. "Q50L" means in this context that a position 50 of the amino acid sequence the amino acid Q has been replaced by amino acid L. Therefore specific muteins of this invention include a mutein which has the amino acid sequence of FIG. 2 except that Q at position 50 has been replaced by L, T, or G, and two muteins which have the amino acid sequence of FIG. 1 except that Q at position 50 has been replaced by T or L and Y at position 51 has been replaced by N.

Polynucleotides which encode the consensus phytase of this invention, i.e., a phytase with the amino acid sequence of FIG. 1 or preferably FIG. 2 or variants and muteins thereof, especially the specific muteins listed above, are also part of this invention. Such polynucleotides may be obtained by known methods, for example by backtranslation of the mutein's amino acid sequence and PCR synthesis of the corresponding polynucleotide as described below.

In addition, a food, feed, premix or pharmaceutical composition comprising a consensus protein as defined above is also an object of the present invention. Food, feed, and premix compositions, preferably for domestic livestock, are well known to a skilled person, as are pharmaceutical compositions. Such pharmaceutical compositions are likely to be veterinary compositions formulated for oral ingestion, such as pills and the like.

In this context "at least three preferably four amino acid sequences of such defined protein family" means that three, four, five, six to 12, 20, 50, 100 or even more sequences can be used for the alignment and the comparison to create the amino acid sequence of the consensus protein. Amino acid sequences may be obtained from known sources such as publications or databases, or may be deduced by translation of DNA sequences which are publicly available, or may be determined by known techniques for sequencing an isolated protein or obtaining and sequencing a gene encoding a protein and translating the DNA sequence. "Sequences of a defined protein family" means that such sequences fold into a three dimensional structure, wherein the .alpha.-helixes, the .beta.-sheets and-turns are at the same position so that such structures are, as called by the skilled person, superimposable. Furthermore these sequences characterize proteins which show the same type of biological activity, e.g., a defined enzyme class such as the phytases. As known in the art, the three dimensional structure of one of such sequences is sufficient to allow the modelling of the structure of the other sequences of such a family. An example, how this can be effected, is given in the Reference Example of the present case.

Aligning amino acid sequences is a well known process whereby two or more amino acids are lined up in such a way to maximize the intern amino acid sequences which they have in common.

"Evolutionary similarity" in the context of the present invention refers to a schema which classifies amino acids regarding their structural similarity which allows that one amino acid can be replaced by another amino acid with a minimal influence on the overall structure, as this is done e.g. by programs, like "PRETTY", known in the art. The phrase "the degree of similarity provided by such a program . . . is set to less stringent number" means in the context of the present invention that values for the parameters which determine the degree of similarity in the program used in the practice of the present invention are chosen in a way to allow the program to define a common amino acid for a maximum of positions of the whole amino acid sequence, e.g. in case of the program PRETTY a value of 2 or 3 for the THRESHOLD and a value of 2 for the PLURALITY can be chosen.

A consensus amino acid is an amino acid chosen to occupy a given position in the consensus protein obtained by this method. A system which is organized to select consensus amino acids as described above may be a computer program, or a combination of one or more computer programs with "by hand" analysis and calculation. A set of amino acid sequences existing within the group of amino acid sequences from which the consensus sequence is prepared means a set of such sequences which are more similar to each other than to other members of the group, based on the evolutionary similarity analysis performed above. An example of such a group is a species where a set with in the group would be members of a particular strain. Furthermore, "a vote weight of one divided by the number of such sequence means in the context of the present invention that the sequences which define a group of sequences with a higher degree of similarity as the other sequences used for the determination of the consensus sequence only contribute to such determination with a factor which is equal to one divided by a number of all sequences of this group. Thus an amino acid occupying a particular position in the aligned sequences will, if it is a member of a set not have a comparison value of equal weight with the other amino acids (e.g. one) but will have a lower weight depending on the size of the set which it is in, as the weight is one divided by the number of amino acid sequences in the set.

When a consensus amino acid is obtained for each position of the aligned amino acid sequences, then these consensus amino acids are "lined up" to obtain the amino acid sequence of the consensus protein.

As mentioned before should the program not allow selection of the most similar amino acid, the most frequent amino acid is selected, should the latter be impossible the skilled person will select an amino acid from all the sequences used for the comparison which is known in the art for its property to improve the thermostability in proteins as discussed, e.g., by: Janecek, S. (1993), Process. Biochem. 28, 435-445 or Fersht, A. R. & Serrano, L. (1993), Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 3, 75-83. Alber, T. (1989), Annu. Rev. Biochem. 58, 765-798 or Matthews, B. W. (1987), Biochemistry 26, 6885-6888. Matthews, B. W. (1991), Curr. Opin. Struct. Biol. 1, 17-21.

The stability of an enzyme is a critical factor for many industrial applications. Therefore, a lot of attempts, more or less successful, have been made to improve the stability, preferably the thermostability, or enzymes be rational (van den Burg et al., 1998) or irrational approaches (Akanuma et al., 1998). The forces influencing the thermostability of a protein are the same those that are responsible for the proper folding of a peptide strand (hydrophobic interactions, van der Waals interactions, H-bonds, salt bridges, conformational strain (Matthews, 1993). Furthermore, as shown by Matthews et al. (1987), the free energy of the unfolded state has also an influence on the stability of a protein. Enhancing of protein stability means to increase the number and strength of favorable interactions and to decrease the number and strength of unfavorable interactions. It has been possible to introduce disulfide linkages (Sauer et al., 1986) to replace glycine with alanine residues or to increase the proline content in order to reduce the free energy of the unfolded state (Margarit et al., 1992; Matthews, 1987a). Other groups concentrated on the importance of additional H-bonds or salt bridges for the stability of a protein (Blaber et al., 1993) or tried to fill cavities in the protein interior to increase the buried hydrophobic surface area and the van der Waals interactions (Karpusas et al., 1989). Furthermore, the stabilization of secondary structure elements, especially .alpha.-helices, for example, by improved helix capping, was also investigated (Munoz & Serrano, 1995).

However, there is no fast and promising strategy to identify amino acid replacements which will increase the stability, preferably the thermal stability of a protein. Commonly, the 3D structure of a protein is required to find locations in the molecule where an amino acid replacement possibly will stabilize the protein's folded state. Alternative ways to circumvent this problem are either to search for a homologous protein in a thermo- or hydrothermophile organism or to detect stability-increasing amino acid replacements by a random mutagenesis approach. This latter possibility succeeds in only 10.sup.3 to 10.sup.4 mutations and is restricted to enzymes for which fast screening procedure is available (Arase et al., 1993; Risse et al., 1992). For all these approaches, success was variable and unpredictable and, if successful, the thermostability enhancements nearly always were rather small.

Here we present an alternative way to improve the thermostability of a protein. Imanaka et al. (1986) were among the first to use the comparisons of homologous proteins to enhance the stability of a protein. They used a comparison of proteases from thermophilic with homologous ones of mesophilic organisms to enhance the stability of a mesophilic protease. Serrano et al. (1993) used the comparison of the amino acid sequences of two homologous mesophilic RNases to construct a more thermostable Rnase. They mutated individually all of the residues that differ between the two and combined the mutations that increase the stability in a multiple mutant. Pantoliano et al. (1989) and in particular, Steipe et al. (1994) suggested that the most frequent amino acid at every position of an alignment of homologous proteins contribute to the largest amount to the stability of a protein. Steipe et al. (1994) proved this for a variable domain of an immunoglobulin, whereas Pantoliano et al. (1989) looked for positions in the primary sequence of subtilisin in which the sequence of the enzyme chosen to be improved for higher stability was singularly divergent. Their approach resulted in the replacement M50F which increased the T.sub.m of subtilisin by 1.8.degree. C.

Steipe et al. (1994) proved on a variable domain of immunoglobulin that it is possible to predict a stabilizing mutation with better than 60% success rate just by using a statistical method which determines the most frequent amino acid residue at a certain position of this domain. It was also suggested that this method would provide useful results not only for stabilization of variable domains of antibodies but also for domains of other proteins. However, it was never mentioned that this method could extended to the entire protein. Furthermore, nothing is said about the program which was used to calculate the frequency of amino acid residues a distinct position or whether scoring matrices were used as in the present case.

It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide a process for the preparation of a consensus protein comprising a process to calculate an amino acid residue for nearly all positions of a so-called consensus protein and to synthesize a complete gene from this sequence that could be expressed in a pro- or eukaryotic expression system.

DNA sequences from which amino acid sequences may be derived for making consensus proteins of the present invention, can be constructed starting from genomic or cDNA sequences coding for proteins, e.g. phytases known in the state of the art [for sequence information see references mentioned above, e.g. EP 684 313 or sequence data bases, for example like Genbank (Intelligenetics, California, USA), European Bioinformatics Institute (Hinston Hall, Cambridge, GB), NBRF (Georgetown University, Medical Centre, Washington D.C., USA) and Vecbase (University of Wisconsin, Biotechnology Centre, Madison, Wis., USA) or disclosed in the figures by methods of in vitro mutagenesis [see e.g. Sambrook et al., Molecular Cloning, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press, New York]. A widely used strategy for such "site directed mutagenesis", as originally outlined by Hurchinson and Edgell [J. Virol. 8, 181 (1971)], involves the annealing of a synthetic oligonucleotide carrying the desired nucleotide substitution to a target region of a single-stranded DNA sequence wherein the mutation should be introduced [for review see Smith, Annu. Rev. Genet. 19, 423 (1985) and for improved methods see references 2-6 in Stanssen et al. Nucl. Acid Res., 17,
4441-4454 (1989)].

Another possibility of mutating a given DNA sequence which is also preferred for the practice of the present invention is the mutagenesis using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). DNA as starting material can be isolated by methods known in the art and described e.g. in Sambrook et al. (Molecular Cloning) from the respective strains. For strain information see, e.g., EP 684 313 or any depository authority indicated below. Aspergillus niger [ATCC 9142], Myceliophthora thermophila [ATCC 48102], Talaromyces thermophilus [ATCC 20186], and Aspergillus fumigatus [ATCC 34625] have been redeposited, according to the conditions of the Budapest Treaty at the American Type Culture Cell Collection under the following accession numbers: ATCC 74337, ATCC
74340, ATCC 74338 and ATCC 74339, respectively. Amino acid sequences may be obtained by know methods from these DNA sequences for use in the process of this invention to obtain a consensus protein. It is however, understood that DNA encoding a consensus protein in accordance with the present invention can also be prepared in a synthetic manner as described, e.g. in EP 747 483 or the examples by methods known in the art.

Once complete DNA sequences of the present invention have been obtained (for example by synthesis based on backtranslation of a consensus protein obtained in accordance with the invention) they can be integrated into vectors by methods known in the art and described e.g. in Sambrook et al. (s.a.) to overexpress the encoded polypeptide in appropriate host systems. However, a skilled person knows that also the DNA sequences themselves can be used to transform the suitable host systems of the invention to get overexpression of the encoded polypeptide. Appropriate host systems are for example fungi, like Aspergilli, e.g. Aspergillus niger [ATCC 9142] or Aspergillus ficuum [NRRL 3135] or like Trichoderma, e.g. Trichoderma reesei or yeasts, like Saccharomyces, e.g. Saccharomyces cerevisiae or Pichia, like Pichia pastoris, or Hansenula polymorpha, e.g. H. polymorpha (DSM5215) plants, as described, e.g. by Pen et al., Bio/Technology 11, 811-814 (1994), skilled person knows that such microorganisms are available from depository authorities, e.g. the American Type Culture Collection (ATCC), the Centraalbureau voor Schimmelcultures (CBS) or the Deutsche Sammlung fur Mikroorganismen and Zellkulturen GmbH (DSM) or any other depository authority as listed in the Journal "Industrial Property" [(1991) 11 pages 29-40]. Bacteria which can be used are e.g. E. coli, Bacilli as, e.g. Bacillus subtilisor Streptomyces, e.g. Streptomyces lividans (see e.g. Anne and Mallaert in FEMS Microbiol. Letters 114, 121 (1993). E. coli, which could be used are E. coli K12 strains e.g. M15 [described as DZ 291 by Villarejo et al. in J. Bacteriol. 120, 466-474 (1974)], HB 101 [ATCC No. 33694] or E. coli SG13009 [Gottesman et al., J. Bacteriol. 148,
265-273 (1981)].

Vectors which can be used for expression in fungi are known in the art and described e.g. in EP 420 358, or by Cullen et al. [Bio/Technology 5, 369-376 (1987)] or Ward in Molecular Industrial Mycology, Systems and Applications for Filamentous Fungi, Marcel Dekker, New York (1991), Upshall et al. [Bio/Technology 5, 1301-1304 (1987)] Gwynne et al. [Bio/Technology 5, 71-79 (1987)], Punt et al. [J. Biotechnol. 17, 19-34 (1991)] and for yeast by Sreekrishna et al. [J. Basic Microbiol. 28,
265-278 (1988), Biochemistry 28, 4117-4125 (1989)], Hitzemann et al. [Nature 293, 717-722 (1981)] or in EP 183 070, EP 183 071, EP 248 227, EP 263 311. Suitable vectors which can be used for expression in E. coli are mentioned, e.g. by Sambrook et al. [s.a.] or by Fiers et al. in Procd. 8th Int. Biotechnology Symposium" [Soc. Franc. de Microbiol., Paris (Durand et al., eds.), pp. 680-697 (1988)] or by Bujard et al. in Methods in Enzymology, eds. Wu and Grossmann, Academic Press, Inc. Vol. 155,
416-433 (1987) and Stuber et al. in Immunological Methods, eds. Lefkovits and Pernis, Academic Press, Inc., Vol. IV, 121-152 (1990). Vectors which could be used for expression in Bacilli are known in the art and described, e.g. in EP 405 370, Procd. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81, 439 (1984) by Yansura and Henner, Meth. Enzymol. 185, 199-228 (1990) or EP 207 459. Vectors which can be used for the expression in H. polymorpha are known in the art and described, e.g. in Gellissen et al., Biotechnology
9, 291-295 (1991).

Either such vectors already carry regulatory elements, e.g., promotors, or the DNA sequences of the present invention can be engineered to contain such elements. Suitable promoter elements which can be used are known in the art and are, e.g. for Trichoderma reesei the cbh1-[Haarki et al., Biotechnology 7, 596-600 (1989)] or the pki1-promoter [Schindler et al., Gene 130, 271-275 (1993)], for Aspergillus oryzae the amy-promoter [Christensen et al., Abstr. 19th Lunteren Lectures on Molecular Genetics F23 (1987), Christensen et al., Biotechnology 6, 1419-1422 (1988), Tada et al., Mol. Gen. Genet. 229, 301 (1991)], for Aspergillus niger the glaA-[Cullen et al., Bio/Technology 5, 369-376 (1987), Gwynne et al., Bio/Technology 5, 713-719
(1987), Ward in Molecular Industrial Mycology, Systems and Applications for Filamentous Fungi, Marcel Dekker, New York, 83-106 (1991)], alcA-[Gwynne et al., Bio/Technology 5, 718-719 (1987)], suc1-[Boddy et al., Curr. Genet. 24, 60-66 (1993)], aphA-[MacRae et al., Gene 71, 339-348 (1988), MacRae et al., Gene 132, 193-198 (1993)], tpiA-[McKnight et al., Cell 46, 143-147 (1986), Upshall et al., Bio/Technology 5, 1301-1304 (1987)], gpdA-[Punt et al., Gene 69, 49-57 (1988), Punt et al., J. Biotechnol. 17, 19-37(1991)] and the pkiA-promoter [de Graaff et al., Curr. Genet. 22, 21-27 (1992)]. Suitable promoter elements which could be used for expression in yeast are known in the art and are, e.g. the pho5-promoter [Vogel et al., Mol. Cell. Biol., 2050-2057 (1989); Rudolf and Hinnen, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 84, 1340-1344 (1987)] or the gap-promoter for expression in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and for Pichia pastoris, e.g. the aox1-promoter [Koutz et al., Yeast 5, 167-177 (1989); Sreekrishna et al., J. Basic Microbiol. 28, 265-278 (1988)], or the FMD promoter [Hollenberg et al., EPA No. 0299108] or MOX-promoter [Ledeboer et al., Nucleic Acids Res. 13, 3063-3082 (1985)] for H. polymorpha.

Accordingly, vectors comprising DNA sequences of the present invention, preferably for the expression of said DNA sequences in bacteria or a fungal or a yeast host and such transformed bacteria or fungal or yeast hosts are also an object of the present invention.

It is also an object of the present invention to provide a system which allows for high expression of proteins, preferably phytases like the consensus phytase of the present invention in Hansenula characterized therein that the codons of the encoding DNA sequence of such a protein have been selected on the basis of a codon frequency table of the organism used for expression, e.g. yeast as in the present case (see e.g. in Example 3) and optionally the codons for the signal sequence have been selected in a manner as described for the specific case in Example 3. That means that a codon frequency table is prepared on the basis of the codons used in the DNA sequences which encode the amino acid sequences of the defined protein family. Then the codons for the design of the DNA sequence of the signal sequence are selected from a codon frequency table of the host cell used for expression whereby always codons of comparable frequency in both tables are used.

Once such DNA sequences have been expressed in an appropriate host cell in a suitable medium, the encoded protein can be isolated either from the medium in the case the protein is secreted into the medium or from the host organism in case such protein is present intracellularly by methods known in the art of protein purification or described in case of a phytase, e.g. in EP 420 358. Accordingly a process for the preparation of a consensus protein (i.e. a polypeptide) of the present invention characterized in that transformed bacteria or a host cell as described above is cultured under suitable culture conditions and the consensus protein is recovered therefrom and a consensus protein produced by such a process or a consensus protein encoded by a DNA sequence of the present invention are also an object of the present invention.

Once obtained, the consensus proteins (i.e. polypeptides), preferably phytases, of the present invention can be characterized regarding their properties which make them useful in agriculture. Any assay known in the art may be used such as those described, e.g., by Simons et al. [Br. J. Nutr. 64, 525-540 (1990)], Schoner et al. [J. Anim. Physiol. a. Anim. Nutr. 66, 248-255 (1991)], Vogt [Arch. Geflugelk. 56, 93-98 (1992)], Jongbloed et al. [J. Anim. Sci., 70, 1159-1168 (1992)], Perney et al. [Poultry Sci. 72, 2106-2114 (1993)], Farrell et al., [J. Anim. Physiol. a. Anim. Nutr. 69, 278-283 (1993), Broz et al., [Br. Poultry Sci. 35, 273-280 (1994)] and Dungelhoef et al. [Animal Feed Sci. Technol. 49, 1-10 (1994)].

In general the consensus phytases of the present invention can be used without being limited to a specific field of application, e.g., in case of phytases for the conversion of inositol polyphosphates, like phytate to inositol and inorganic phosphate.

Furthermore the consensus phytases of the present invention can be used in a process for the preparation of a pharmaceutical composition or compound food or feeds wherein the components of such a composition are mixed with one or more consensus phytases of the present invention. Accordingly compound food or feeds or pharmaceutical compositions comprising one or more consensus phytases of the present invention are also an object of the present invention. A skilled person is familiar with their process of preparation. Such pharmaceutical compositions or compound food or feeds can further comprise additives or components generally used for such purpose and known in the state of the art.

It is furthermore an object of the present invention to provide a process for the reduction of levels of phytate in animal manure characterized in that an animal is fed such a feed composition in an amount effective in converting phytate contained in the feedstuff to inositol and inorganic phosphate.

The Examples which follow further elucidate the invention but are not intended to limit it in any way.

EXAMPLES

Reference Example

Homology Modeling of A. fumigatus and A. terreus cbs116.46 Phytase

The amino acid sequences of A. fumigatus and A. terreus cbs116.46 phytase were compared with the sequence of A. niger NRRL 3135 phytase (see FIG. 1) for which the three-dimensional structure had been determined by X-ray crystallography.

A multiple amino acid sequence alignment of A. niger NRRL 3135 phytase, A. fumigatus phytase and A. terreus cbs116.46 phytase was calculated with the program "PILEUP" (Prog. Menu for the Wisconsin Package, version 8, September 1994, Genetics Computer Group, 575 Science Drive, Madison Wis., USA 53711). The three-dimensional models of A. fumigatus phytase and A. terreus cbs116.46 phytase were built by using the structure of A. niger NRRL 3135 phytase as template and exchanging the amino acids of A. niger NRRL 3135 phytase according to the sequence alignment to amino acids of A. fumigatus and A. terreus cbs116.46 phytases, respectively. Model construction and energy optimization were performed by using the program Moloc (Gerber and Muller,
1995). C-alpha positions were kept fixed except for new insertions/deletions and in loop regions distant from the active site.

Only small differences of the modelled structures to the original crystal structure could be observed in external loops. Furthermore the different substrate molecules that mainly occur on the degradation pathway of phytic acid (myo-inositol-hexakisphosphate) by Pseudomonas sp. bacterium phytase and, as far as determined, by A. niger NRRL 3135 phytase (Cosgrove, 1980) were constructed and forged into the active site cavity of each phytase structure. Each of these substrates was oriented in a hypothetical binding mode proposed for histidine acid phosphatases (Van Etten, 1982). The scissile phosphate group was oriented towards the catalytically essential His 59 to form the covalent phosphoenzyme intermediate. The oxygen of the substrate phosphoester bond which will be protonated by Asp 339 after cleavage was orientated towards the proton donor. Conformational relaxation of the remaining structural part of the substrates as well as the surrounding active site residues was performed by energy optimization with the program Moloc.

Based on the structure models the residues pointing into the active site cavity were identified. More than half (60%) of these positions were identical between these three phytases, whereas only few positions were not conserved (see FIG. 1). This observation could be extended to four additional phytase sequences (A. nidulans, A. terreus 9A1, Talaromyces thermophilus, Myceliophthora thermophila).

Example 1

Alignment of the Amino Acid Sequence of the Fungal Phytases

The alignment was calculated using the program PILEUP from the Sequence Analysis Package Release 9.0 (Devereux et al., 1984) with the standard parameter (gap creation penalty 12, gap extension penalty 4). The location of the gaps was refined using a text editor. Amino acid sequences encoded by the following genes (see FIG. 1) without the signal sequence were used for the performance of the alignment starting with the amino acid (aa) mentioned below: phyA gene from Aspergillus terreus 9A-1, aa 27 (Mitchell et al., 1997) phyA gene from Aspergillus terreus cbs116.46, aa 27 (van Loon et al., 1997) phyA gene from Aspergillus niger var. awamori, aa 27 (Piddington et al., 1993) phyA gene from Aspergillus niger T213, aa 27 phyA gene from Aspergillus niger strain NRRL3135, aa 27 (van Hartingsveldt et al., 1993) phyA gene from Aspergillus fumigatus ATCC 13073, aa 26 (Pasamontes et al., 1997) phyA gene from Aspergillus fumigatus ATCC 32722, aa 26 (van Loon et al., 1997) phyA gene from Aspergillus fumigatus ATCC 58128, aa 26 (van Loon et al., 1997) phyA gene from Aspergillus fumigatus ATCC 26906, aa 26 (van Loon et al., 1997) phyA gene from Aspergillus fumigatus ATCC 32239, aa 30 (van Loon et al., 1997) phyA gene from Aspergillus nidulans, aa 25 (Pasamontes et al., 1997a) phyA gene from Talaromyces thermophilus ATCC 20186, aa 24 (Pasamontes et al., 1997a) phyA gene from Myceliophthora thermophila, aa 19 (Mitchell et al., 1997)

Table 2 shows the homology of the phytase sequences mentioned above.

TABLE-US-00001 TABLE 2 % identity A. A. terreus A. niger A. terreus cbs NRRL fumigatus A. T. M. 9A-1 116.46 3135 13073 ridulans thermophilus thermophila A. terreus 89.1 62.0 60.6 59.3 58.3 48.6 9A-1 A. terreus 90.7 63.6 62.0 61.2 59.7 49.1 cbs A. niger 67.3 68.9 66.8 64.2 62.5 49.4 NRRL 3135 A. fumigatus 66.1 67.2 71.1 68.0 62.6 53.0 13073 A. ridulans 65.0 66.7 69.0 73.3 60.5 52.5 T. thermophilus 63.8 64.5 68.9 68.1 67.4 49.8 M. thermophila 53.7 54.6 57.6 61.0 59.9 57.8 % similarity

Table 2: Homology of the fungal phytases. The amino acid sequences of the phytases used in the alignment were compared by the program GAP (GCG program package, 9; Devereux et al., 1984) using the standard parameters. The comparison was restricted to the part of the sequence that was also used for the alignment (see legend to FIG. 1) lacking the signal peptide which was rather divergent. The numbers above and beneath the diagonal represent the amino acid identities and similarities, respectively.

Example 2

Calculation of the Amino Acid Sequence of Fungal Consensus Phytases

Using the refined alignment of Example 1 as input, the consensus sequence was calculated by the program PRETTY from the Sequence Analysis Package Release 9.0 (Devereux et al., 1984). PRETTY prints sequences with their columns aligned and can display a consensus sequence for the alignment. A vote weight that pays regard to the similarity between the amino acid sequences of the phytases aligned were assigned to all sequences. The vote weight was set such as the combined impact of all phytases from one sequence subgroup (same species of origin but different strains), e.g. the amino acid sequences of all phytases from A. fumigatus, on the election was set one, that means that each sequence contributes with a value of 1 divided by the number of strain sequences (see Table 1). By this means, it was possible to prevent that very similar amino acid sequences, e.g. of the phytases from different A. fumigatus strains, dominate the calculated consensus sequence.

TABLE-US-00002 TABLE 1 Aspergillus terreus 9A-1 phytase: 0.50 Aspergillus terreus cba116.46 phytase: 0.50 Aspergillus niger var. awamori phytase: 0.3333 Aspergillus niger T213 phytase: 0.3333 Aspergillus niger NRRL3135 phytase: 0.3333
Aspergillus fumigatus ATCC 13073 phytase: 0.20 Aspergillus fumigatus ATCC 32722 phytase: 0.20 Aspergillus fumigatus ATCC 58128 phytase: 0.20 Aspergillus fumigatus ATCC 26906 phytase: 0.20 Aspergillus fumigatus ATCC 32239 phytase: 0.20 Aspergillus nidulans phytase: 1.00 Talaromyces thermophilus ATCC 20186 phytase: 1.00 Myceliophthora thermophila phytase: 1.00

Table 1: Vote weights of the amino acid sequences of the fungal phytases used. The table shows the vote weights used to calculate the consensus sequence of the fungal phytases.

The program PRETTY was started with the following parameters: The plurality defining the number of votes below which there is no consensus was set on 2.0. The threshold, which determines the scoring matrix value below which an amino acid residue may not vote for a coalition of residues, was set on 2. PRETTY used the PrettyPep.Cmp consensus scoring matrix for peptides.

Ten positions of the alignment (position 46, 66, 82, 138, 162, 236, 276, 279, 280, 308; FIG. 1), for which the program was not able to determine a consensus residue, were filled by hand according to the following rules: if a most frequent residue existed, this residue was chosen (138, 236, 280); if a prevalent group of chemically similar or equivalent residues occurred, the most frequent or, if not available, one residues of this group was selected (46, 66, 82, 162, 276, 308). If there was either a prevalent residue nor a prevalent group, one of the occurring residues was chosen according to common assumption on their influence on the protein stability (279). Eight other positions (132, 170, 204, 211, 275, 317, 384, 447; FIG. 1) were not filled with the amino acid residue selected by the program but normally with amino acids that occur with the same frequency as the residues that were chosen by the program. In most cases, the slight underrating of the three A. niger sequences (sum of the vote weights: 0.99) was eliminated by this corrections.

Table 3 shows the homology of the calculated fungal consensus phytase amino acid sequence to the phytase sequences used for the calculation.

TABLE-US-00003 TABLE 3 Phytase Identity [%] Similarity [%] A. niger T213 76.6 79.6 A. niger var. awamori 76.6 79.6 A. niger NRRL3135 76.6 79.4 A. nidulans 77.4 81.5 A. terreus 9A-1 70.7 74.8 A. terreus cbs116.46 72.1 75.9 A. fumigatus 13073
80.0 83.9 A. fumigatus 32239 78.2 82.3 T. thermophilus 72.7 76.8 M. thermophila 58.3 64.5

Table 3: Homology of the amino acid sequence of fungal consensus phytase to the phytases used for its calculation. The amino acid sequences of all phytases were compared with the fungal consensus phytase sequence using the program GAP (GCG program package, 9.0). Again, the comparison was restricted to that part of the sequence that was used in the alignment.

Example 3

Conversion of the Fungal Consensus Phytase Amino acid Sequence to a DNA Sequence

The first 26 amino acid residues of A. terreus cbs116.46 phytase were used as signal peptide and, therefore, fused to the N-terminus of all consensus phytases. For this stretch, we used a special method to calculate the corresponding DNA sequence. Purvis et al. (1987) proposed that the incorporation of rare codons in a gene has an influence on the folding efficiency of the protein. Therefore, at least the distribution of rare codons in the signal sequence of A. terreus cbs116.46, which was used for the fungal consensus phytase and which is very important for secretion of the protein, but converted into the S. cerevisiae codon usage, was transfected into the new signal sequence generated for expression in S. cerevisiae. For the remaining parts of the protein, we used the codon frequency table of highly expressed S. cerevisiae genes, obtained from the GCG program package, to translate the calculated amino acid sequence into a DNA sequence. The resulting sequence of the fcp gene are shown in FIG. 2.

Example 4

Construction and Cloning of the Fungal Consensus Phytase Genes

The calculated DNA sequence of fungal consensus phytase was divided into oligonucleotides of 85 bp, alternately using the sequence of the sense and the anti-sense strand. Every oligonucleotide overlaps 20 bp with its previous and its following oligonucleotide of the opposite strand. The location of all primers, purchased by Microsynth, Balgach (Switzerland) and obtained in a PAGE-purified form, is indicated in FIG. 2. In three PCR reactions, the synthesized oligonucleotides were composed to the entire gene. For the PCR, the High Fidelity Kit from Boehringer Mannheim (Boehringer Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany) and the thermo cycler The Protokol.TM. from AMS Biotechnology (Europe) Ltd. (Lugano, Switzerland) were used.

Oligonucleotide CP-1 to CP-10 (Mix 1, FIG. 2) were mixed to a concentration of 0.2 pMol/.mu.l per each oligonucleotide. A second oligonucleotide mixture (Mix 2) was prepared with CP-9 to CP-22 (0.2 pMol/.mu.l per each oligonucleotide). Additionally, four short primers were used in the PCR reactions:

TABLE-US-00004 .Iadd.(SEQ ID NO:18).Iaddend. Eco RI CP-a: 5'-TAT ATG AAT TCA TGG GCG TGT TCG TC-3' .Iadd.(SEQ ID NO:19).Iaddend. CP-b: 5'-TGA AAA GTT CAT TGA AGG TTT C-3' .Iadd.(SEQ ID NO:20).Iaddend. CP-c: 5'-TCT TCG AAA GCA GTA CAA GTA C-3' .Iadd.(SEQ ID NO:21).Iaddend. Eco RI CP-e: 5'-TAT ATG AAT TCT TAA GCG AAA C-3'

PCR reaction a: 10 .mu.l Mix 1 (2.0 pmol of each oligonucleotide) 2 .mu..Iadd.l .Iaddend.nucleotides (10 mM each nucleotide) 2 .mu.l primer CP-a (10 pmol/.mu.l) 2 .mu.l primer CP-c (10 pmol/.mu.l) 10.[.,.]. .Iadd...Iaddend.0 .mu.l PCR buffer
0.75 .mu.l polymerase mixture 73.25 .mu.l H.sub.2O PCR reaction b: 10 .mu.l Mix 2 (2.0 pmol of each oligonucleotide) 2 .mu.l nucleotides (10 mM each nucleotide) 2 .mu.l primer CP-b (10 pmol/.mu.l) 2 .mu.l primer CP-e (10 pmol/.mu.l) 10.[.,.]. .Iadd...Iaddend.0 .mu.l PCR buffer 0.75 .mu.l polymerase mixture (2.6 U) 73.25 .mu.l H.sub.2O Reaction conditions for PCR reaction a and b: step 1 2 min--45.degree. C. step 2 30 sec--72.degree. C. step 3 30 sec--94.degree. C. step 4 30 sec--52.degree. C. step 5 1 min--72.degree. C. Step 3 to 5 were repeated 40-times.

The PCR products (670 and 905 bp) were purified by an agarose gel electrophoresis (Q.9% agarose) and a following gel extraction (QIAEX II Gel Extraction Kit, Qiagen, Hilden, Germany). The purified DNA fragments were used for the PCR reaction c.

PCR reaction c: 6 .mu.l PCR product of reaction a (.apprxeq.50 ng)

6 .mu.l PCR product of reaction b (.apprxeq.50 ng) 2 .mu.l primer CP-a (10 pmol/.mu.l) 2 .mu.l primer CP-e (10 pmol/.mu.l) 10,0 .mu.l PCR buffer 0.75 .mu.l polymerase mixture (2.6 U) 73.25 .mu.l H.sub.2O Reaction conditions for PCR reaction c: step 1 2 min--94.degree. C. step 2 30 sec--94.degree. C. step 3 30 sec--55.degree. C. step 4 1 min--72.degree. C. Step 2 to 4 were repeated 31 times.

The resulting PCR product (1.4 kb) was purified as mentioned above, digested with Eco RI, and ligated in an Eco RI-digested and dephosphorylated pBsk(-)-vector (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif., USA). 1 .mu.l of the ligation mixture was used to transform E. coli XL-1 competent cells (Stratagene, La Jolla, Calif., USA). All standard procedures were carried out as described by Sambrook et al. (1987). The constructed fungal consensus phytase gene (fcp) was verified by sequencing (plasmid pBsk.sup.--fcp).

Example 5

Expression of the Fungal Consensus Phytase Gene fcp and its Variants in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Their Purification from Culture Supernatant

A fungal consensus phytase gene was isolated from the plasmid pBsk.sup.-fcp ligated into the Eco RI sites of the expression cassette of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae expression vector pYES2 (Invitrogen, San Diego, Calif., USA) or subcloned between the shortened GAPFL (glyceraldhyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) promoter and the pho5 terminator as described by Janes et al. (1990). The correct orientation of the gene was checked by PCR. Transformation of S. cerevisiae strains. e.g. INVSc1
(Invitrogen, San Diego, Calif., USA) was done according to Hinnen et al. (1978). Single colonies harboring the phytase gene under the control of the GAPFL promoter were picked and cultivated in 5 ml selection medium (SD-uracil, Sherman et al., 1986) at
30.degree. C. under vigorous shaking (250 rpm) for one day. The preculture was then added to 500 ml YPD medium (Sherman et al., 1986) and grown under the same conditions. Induction of the gall promoter was done according to manufacturer's instruction. After four days of incubation cell broth was centrifuged (7000 rpm, GS3 rotor, 15 min, 5.degree. C.) to remove the cells and the supernatant was concentrated by way of ultrafiltration in Amicon 8400 cells (PM30 membranes) and ultrafree-15 centrifugal filter device (Biomax-30K, Millipore, Bedford, Mass., USA). The concentrate (10 ml) was desalted on a 40 ml Sephadex G25 Superfine column (Pharmacia Biotech, Freiburg, Germany), with 10 mM sodium acetate, pH 5.0, serving as elution buffer. The desalted sample was brought to 2 M (NH.sub.4).sub.2SO.sub.4 and directly loaded onto a 1 ml Butyl Sepharose 4 Fast Flow hydrophobic interaction chromatography column (Pharmacia Biotech, Feiburg, Germany) which was eluted with a linear gradient from 2 M to 0 M (NH.sub.4).sub.2SO.sub.4 in 10 mM sodium acetate, pH 5.0. Phytase was eluted in the break-through concentrated and loaded on a 120 ml Sephacryl S-300 gel permeation chromatography column. (Pharmacia Biotech, Freiburg, Germany). Fungal consensus phytase and fungal consensus phytase 7 eluted as a homogeneous symmetrical peak and was shown by SDS-PAGE to be approx. 95% pure.

Example 6

Expression of the Fungal Consensus Phytase Genes fcp and its Variants in Hansenula polymorpha

The phytase expression vectors, used to transform H. polymorpha, was constructed by inserting the Eco RI fragment of pBsk.sup.-fcp encoding the consensus phytase or a variant into the multiple cloning site of the H. polymorpha expression vector pFPMT121, which is based on an ura3 selection marker and the FMD promoter. The 5' end of the fcp gene is fused to the FMD promoter, the 3' end to the MOX terminator (Gellissen et al., 1996; EP 0299 108 B). The resulting expression vector are designated pFPMTfcp and pBsk.sup.-fcp7.

The constructed plasmids were propagated in E. coli. Plasmid DNA was purified using standard state of the art procedures. The expression plasmids were transformed into the H. polymorpha strain RP11 deficient in orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase (ura3) using the procedure for preparation of competent cells and for transformation of yeast as described in Gelissen et al. (1996). Each transformation mixture was plated on YNB (0.14% w/v Difco YNB and 0.5% ammonium sulfate) containing
2% glucose and 1.8% agar and incubated at 37.degree. C. After 4 to 5 days individual transformant colonies were picked and grown in the liquid medium described above for 2 days at 37.degree. C. Subsequently, an aliquot of this culture was used to inoculate fresh vials with YNB-medium containing 2% glucose. After seven further passages in selective medium, the expression vector integrates into the yeast genome in multimeric form. Subsequently, mitotically stable transformants were obtained by two additional cultivation steps in 3 ml non-selective liquid medium (YPD, 2% glucose, 10 g yeast extract, and 20 g peptone). In order to obtain genetically homogeneous recombinant strains an aliquot from the last stabilization culture was plated on a selective plate. Single colonies were isolated for analysis of phytase expression in YNB containing 2% glycerol instead of glucose to derepress the find promoter. Purification of the fungal consensus phytases was done as described in Example 5.

Example 7

Expression of the Fungal Consensus Genes fcp and its Variants in Aspergillus niger

Plasmid pBsk.sup.-fcp or the corresponding plasmid of a variant of the fcp gene were used as template for the introduction of a Bsp HI-site upstream of the start codon of the genes and an Eco RV-site downstream of the stop codon. The Expand.TM. High Fidelity PCR Kit (Boehringer Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany) was used with the following primers:

TABLE-US-00005 Primer Asp-1 .Iadd.(SEQ ID NO:22):.Iaddend. Bsp HI 5'-TAT ATC ATG AGC GTG TTC GTC GTG CTA CTG TTC-3' Primer Asp-2 for cloning of fcp and fcp7 .Iadd.(SEQ ID NO:23):.Iaddend. 3'-ACC CGA CTT ACA AAG CGA ATT CTA TAG ATA TAT-5' Eco RV

The reaction was performed as described by the supplier. The PCR-amplified fcp gene had a new Bsp HI site at the start codon, introduced by primer Asp-1, which resulted in a replacement of the second amino acid residue glycine by serine. Subsequently, the DNA-fragment was digested with Bsp HI and Eco RV and ligated into the Nco I site downstream of the glucoamylase promoter of Aspergillus niger (glaA) and the Eco RV site upstream of the Aspergillus nidulans tryptophan C terminator (trpC) (Mullaney et al., 1985). After this cloning step, the genes were sequenced to detect possible failures introduced by PCR. The resulting expression plasmids which basically corresponds to the pGLAC vector as described in Example 9 of EP 684 313, contained the orotidine-5'-phosphate decarboxylase gene (pyr4) of Neurospora crassa as a selection marker. Transformation of Aspergillus tiger and expression of the consensus phytase genes was done as described in EP 684 313. The fungal consensus phytases were purified as described in Example 5.

Example 8

Construction of Muteins of Fungal Consensus Phytase

To construct muteins for expression in A. niger, S. cerevisiae, or H. polymorpha, the corresponding expression plasmid containing the fungal consensus phytase gene was used as template for site-directed mutagenesis. Mutations were introduced using the "quick exchange site-directed mutagenesis kit" from Stratagene (La Jolla, Calif., USA) following the manufacturer's protocol and using the corresponding primers. All mutations made and the corresponding primers are summarized in Table 4. Clones harboring the desired mutation were identified by DNA sequence analysis as known in the art. The mutated phytase were verified by sequencing of the complete gene.

TABLE-US-00006 TABLE 4 mutation Primer set .[.t1,1.]. Q50L Ssp BI .Iadd.(SEQ ID NO:24).Iaddend. 5'-CAC TTG TGG GGT TTG TAC AGT CCA TAC TTC TC-3' .Iadd.(SEQ ID NO:25).Iaddend. 5'-GAG AAG TAT GGA CTG TAC AAA CCC CAC AAG TG-3' Q50T Kpn I .Iadd.(SEQ ID NO:26).Iaddend. 5'-CAC TTG TGG GGT ACC TAC TCT CCA TAC TTC TC-3' .Iadd.(SEQ ID NO:27).Iaddend. 5'-GA GAA GTA TGG AGA GTA GGT ACC CCA CAA GTG-3' Q50G .Iadd.(SEQ ID NO:28).Iaddend. 5'-CAC TTG TGG GGT GGT TAC TCT CCA TAC TTC TC-3' .Iadd.(SEQ ID NO:29).Iaddend. 5'-GA GAA GTA TGG AGA GTA ACC ACC CCA CAA GTG-3' Q50T-Y51N Kpn I .Iadd.(SEQ ID NO:30).Iaddend. 5'-CAC TTG TGG GGT ACCAAC TCT CCA TAC TTC TC-3' .Iadd.(SEQ ID NO:31).Iaddend. 5'-GA GAA GTA TGG AGA GTT GGT ACC CCA CAA GTG-3' Q50L-Y51N Bsa I .Iadd.(SEQ ID NO:32).Iaddend. 5'-CAC TTG TGG GGT CTCAAC TCT CAA TAC TTC TC-3' .Iadd.(SEQ ID NO:33).Iaddend. 5'-GA GAA GTA TGG AGA GTT GAG ACC CCA CAA GTG-3'

Table 4: Primers used for the introduction of single mutations into fungal consensus phytase. For the introduction of each mutation, two primers containing the desired mutation were required (see Example 8). The changed triplets are highlighted in bold letters.

Example 9

Determination of the Phytase Activity and of the Temperature Optimum of the Consensus Phytase and its Variants

Phytase activity was determined basically as described by Mitchell et al. (1997). The activity was measured in a assay mixture containing 0.5% phytic acid (.apprxeq.5 mM), 200 mM sodium acetate, pH 5.0. After 15 min incubation at 37.degree. C., the reaction was stopped by addition of an equal volume of 15% trichloroacetic acid. The liberated phosphate was quantified by mixing 100 .mu.l of the assay mixture with 900 .mu.l H.sub.2O and 1 ml of 0.6 M H.sub.2SO.sub.4, 2% ascorbic acid and 0.5% ammonium molybdate. Standard solutions of potassium phosphate were used as reference. One unit of enzyme activity was defined as the amount of enzyme that releases 1 .mu.mol phosphate per minute at 37.degree. C. The protein concentration was determined using the enzyme extinction coefficient at 280 nm calculated according to Pace et al. (1995): fungal consensus phytase, 1.101; fungal consensus phytase 7, 1.068. In case of pH-optimum curves, purified enzymes were diluted in 10 mM sodium acetate, pH 5.0. Incubations were started by mixing aliquots of the diluted protein with an equal volume of 1% phytic acid (.apprxeq.10 mM) in a series of different buffers; 0.4 M glycine/HCl, pH 2.5; 0.4 M acetate/NaOH, pH 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5;
0.4 M imidazole/HCl, pH 6.0, 6.5; 0.4 M Tris/HCl pH 7.0, 7.5, 8.0, 8.5, 9.0. Control experiments showed that pH was only slightly affected by the mixing step. Incubations were performed for 15 min at 37.degree. C. as described above.

For determination of the substrate specificities of the phytases, phytic acid in the assay mixture was replaced by 5 mM concentrations of the respective phosphate compounds. The activity tests were performed as described above.

For determination of the temperature optimum, enzyme (100 .mu.l) and substrate solution (100 .mu.l) were pre-incubated for 5 min at the given temperature. The reaction was started by addition of the substrate solution to the enzyme. After 15
min incubation, the reaction was stopped with trichloroacetic acid and the amount of phosphate released was determined.

The pH-optimum of the original fungal consensus phytase was around pH 6.0-6.5 (70 U/mg). By introduction of the Q50T mutation, the pH-optimum shifted, to pH 6.0 (130 U/mg), while the replacement by a leucine at the same position resulted in a maximum activity around pH 5.5 (212 U/mg). The exchange Q50G resulted in a pH-optimum of the activity above pH 6.0 (see FIG. 4). The exchange of tyrosine at position 51 with asparagine resulted in a relative increase of the activity below pH 5.0 (see FIG. 5). Especially by the Q50L mutation, the specificity for phytate of fungal consensus phytase was drastically increased (see FIG. 6).

The temperature optimum of fungal consensus phytase (70.degree. C.) was 15-25.degree. C. higher than the temperature optimum of the wild-type phytases (45-55.degree. C.) which were used to calculate the consensus sequence (see Table 5 and FIG.
3).

TABLE-US-00007 TABLE 5 temperature phytase optimum Tm Consensus phytase 70.degree. C. 78.0.degree. C. A. niger NRRL3135 55.degree. C. 63.3.degree. C. A. fumigatus 13073 55.degree. C. 62.5.degree. C. A. terreus 9A-1 49.degree. C.
57.5.degree. C. A. terreus cbs 45.degree. C. 58.5.degree. C. A. nidulans 45.degree. C. 55.7.degree. C. M. thermophila 55.degree. C. --

Table 5: Temperature optimum and T.sub.m-value of fungal consensus phytase and of the phytases from A. fumigatus, A. niger, A. nidulans, and M. thermophila. The temperature optima were taken from FIG. 3. .sup.a The T.sub.m-values were determined by differential scanning calorimetry as described in Example 10 and shown in FIG. 7.

Example 10

Determination of the Melting point by Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC)

In order to determine the unfolding temperature of the fungal consensus phytases, differential scanning calorimetry was applied as previously published by Brugger et al. (1997). Solutions of 50-60 mg/ml homogeneous phytase were used for the tests. A constant heating rate of 10.degree. C./min was applied up to 90.degree. C.

The determined melting points clearly show the strongly improved thermostability of the fungal consensus phytase in comparison to the wild-type phytases (see Table 5 and FIG. 7). FIG. 7 shows the melting profile of fungal consensus phytase and its mutant Q50T. Its common melting point was determined between 78 to 79.degree. C.



33Aspergillus terreus s Ser Asp Cys Asn Ser Val Asp His Gly Tyr Gln Cys Phe Proeu Ser His Lys Trp Gly Leu Tyr Ala Pro Tyr Phe Ser Leu Gln 2Asp Glu Ser Pro Phe Pro Leu Asp Val Pro Glu Asp Cys His Ile Thr 35 4 Val Gln Val Leu Ala Arg His Gly Ala Arg Ser Pro Thr His Ser 5Lys Thr Lys Ala Tyr Ala Ala Thr Ile Ala Ala Ile Gln Lys Ser Ala65 7Thr Ala Phe Pro Gly Lys Tyr Ala Phe Leu Gln Ser Tyr Asn Tyr Ser 85 9 Asp Ser Glu Glu Leu Thr Pro Phe Gly Arg Asn Gln Leu Arg Asp Gly Ala Gln Phe Tyr Glu Arg Tyr Asn Ala Leu Thr Arg His Ile Pro Phe Val Arg Ala Thr Asp Ala Ser Arg Val His Glu Ser Ala Lys Phe Val Glu Gly Phe Gln Thr Ala Arg Gln Asp Asp His His Ala Asn Pro His Gln Pro Ser Pro Arg Val Asp Val Ala Ile Pro Glu Ser Ala Tyr Asn Asn Thr Leu Glu His Ser Leu Cys Thr Ala Phe Ser Ser Thr Val Gly Asp Asp Ala Val Ala Asn Phe Thr Ala Val 2la Pro Ala Ile Ala Gln Arg Leu Glu Ala Asp Leu Pro Gly Val 222u Ser Thr Asp Asp Val Val Asn Leu Met Ala Met Cys Pro Phe225 234r Val Ser Leu Thr Asp Asp Ala His Thr Leu Ser Pro Phe Cys 245 25p Leu Phe Thr Ala Thr Glu Trp Thr Gln Tyr Asn Tyr Leu Leu Ser 267p Lys Tyr Tyr Gly Tyr Gly Gly Gly Asn Pro Leu Gly Pro Val 275 28n Gly Val Gly Trp Ala Asn Glu Leu Met Ala Arg Leu Thr Arg Ala 29al His Asp His Thr Cys Val Asn Asn Thr Leu Asp Ala Ser Pro33la Thr Phe Pro Leu Asn Ala Thr Leu Tyr Ala Asp Phe Ser His Asp 325 33r Asn Leu Val Ser Ile Phe Trp Ala Leu Gly Leu Tyr Asn Gly Thr 345o Leu Ser Gln Thr Ser Val Glu Ser Val Ser Gln Thr Asp Gly 355 36r Ala Ala Ala Trp Thr Val Pro Phe Ala Ala Arg Ala Tyr Val Glu 378t Gln Cys Arg Ala Glu Lys Glu Pro Leu Val Arg Val Leu Val385 39sp Arg Val Met Pro Leu His Gly Cys Pro Thr Asp Lys Leu Gly 44ys Lys Arg Asp Ala Phe Val Ala Gly Leu Ser Phe Ala Gln Ala 423y Asn Trp Ala Asp Cys Phe 435 44TAspergillus terreus 2Asn His Ser Asp Cys Thr Ser Val Asp Arg Gly Tyr Gln Cys Phe Proeu Ser His Lys Trp Gly Leu Tyr Ala Pro Tyr Phe Ser Leu Gln 2Asp Glu Ser Pro Phe Pro Leu Asp Val Pro Asp Asp Cys His Ile Thr 35 4 Val Gln Val Leu Ala Arg His Gly Ala Arg Ser Pro Thr Asp Ser 5Lys Thr Lys Ala Tyr Ala Ala Thr Ile Ala Ala Ile Gln Lys Asn Ala65 7Thr Ala Leu Pro Gly Lys Tyr Ala Phe Leu Lys Ser Tyr Asn Tyr Ser 85 9 Gly Ser Glu Asn Leu Thr Pro Phe Gly Arg Asn Gln Leu Gln Asp Gly Ala Gln Phe Tyr Arg Arg Tyr Asp Thr Leu Thr Arg His Ile Pro Phe Val Arg Ala Ala Asp Ser Ser Arg Val His Glu Ser Ala Lys Phe Val Glu Gly Phe Gln Asn Ala Arg Gln Gly Asp Pro His Ala Asn Pro His Gln Pro Ser Pro Arg Val Asp Val Val Ile Pro Glu Thr Ala Tyr Asn Asn Thr Leu Glu His Ser Ile Cys Thr Ala Phe Ala Ser Thr Val Gly Asp Ala Ala Ala Asp Asn Phe Thr Ala Val 2la Pro Ala Ile Ala Lys Arg Leu Glu Ala Asp Leu Pro Gly Val 222u Ser Ala Asp Asp Val Val Asn Leu Met Ala Met Cys Pro Phe225 234r Val Ser Leu Thr Asp Asp Ala His Thr Leu Ser Pro Phe Cys 245 25p Leu Phe Thr Ala Ala Glu Trp Thr Gln Tyr Asn Tyr Leu Leu Ser 267p Lys Tyr Tyr Gly Tyr Gly Gly Gly Asn Pro Leu Gly Pro Val 275 28n Gly Val Gly Trp Ala Asn Glu Leu Ile Ala Arg Leu Thr Arg Ser 29al His Asp His Thr Cys Val Asn Asn Thr Leu Asp Ala Asn Pro33la Thr Phe Pro Leu Asn Ala Thr Leu Tyr Ala Asp Phe Ser His Asp
325 33r Asn Leu Val Ser Ile Phe Trp Ala Leu Gly Leu Tyr Asn Gly Thr 345o Leu Ser Gln Thr Thr Val Glu Asp Ile Thr Arg Thr Asp Gly 355 36r Ala Ala Ala Trp Thr Val Pro Phe Ala Ala Arg Ala Tyr Ile Glu 378t Gln Cys Arg Ala Glu Lys Gln Pro Leu Val Arg Val Leu Val385 39sp Arg Val Met Pro Leu His Gly Cys Ala Val Asp Asn Leu Gly 44ys Lys Arg Asp Asp Phe Val Glu Gly Leu Ser Phe Ala Arg Ala 423y Asn Trp Ala Glu Cys Phe 435
44TAspergillus niger 3Asn Gln Ser Thr Cys Asp Thr Val Asp Gln Gly Tyr Gln Cys Phe Serhr Ser His Leu Trp Gly Gln Tyr Ala Pro Phe Phe Ser Leu Ala 2Asn Glu Ser Ala Ile Ser Pro Asp Val Pro Ala Gly Cys Arg Val Thr 35 4 Ala Gln Val Leu Ser Arg His Gly Ala Arg Tyr Pro Thr Glu Ser 5Lys Gly Lys Lys Tyr Ser Ala Leu Ile Glu Glu Ile Gln Gln Asn Val65 7Thr Thr Phe Asp Gly Lys Tyr Ala Phe Leu Lys Thr Tyr Asn Tyr Ser 85 9 Gly Ala Asp Asp Leu Thr Pro Phe Gly Glu Gln Glu Leu Val Asn Gly Ile Lys Phe Tyr Gln Arg Tyr Glu Ser Leu Thr Arg Asn Ile Pro Phe Ile Arg Ser Ser Gly Ser Ser Arg Val Ile Ala Ser Gly Lys Phe Ile Glu Gly Phe Gln Ser Thr Lys Leu Lys Asp Pro Arg Ala Gln Pro Gly Gln Ser Ser Pro Lys Ile Asp Val Val Ile Ser Glu Ser Ser Ser Asn Asn Thr Leu Asp Pro Gly Thr Cys Thr Val Phe Asp Ser Glu Leu Ala Asp Thr Val Glu Ala Asn Phe Thr Ala Thr 2la Pro Ser Ile Arg Gln Arg Leu Glu Asn Asp Leu Ser Gly Val 222u Thr Asp Thr Glu Val Thr Tyr Leu Met Asp Met Cys Ser Phe225 234r Ile Ser Thr Ser Thr Val Asp Thr Lys Leu Ser Pro Phe Cys 245 25p Leu Phe Thr His Asp Glu Trp Ile His Tyr Asp Tyr Leu Gln Ser 267s Lys Tyr Tyr Gly His Gly Ala Gly Asn Pro Leu Gly Pro Thr 275 28n Gly Val Gly Tyr Ala Asn Glu Leu Ile Ala Arg Leu Thr His Ser 29al His Asp Asp Thr Ser Ser Asn His Thr Leu Asp Ser Asn Pro33la Thr Phe Pro Leu Asn Ser Thr Leu Tyr Ala Asp Phe Ser His Asp 325 33n Gly Ile Ile Ser Ile Leu Phe Ala Leu Gly Leu Tyr Asn Gly Thr 345o Leu Ser Thr Thr Thr Val Glu Asn Ile Thr Gln Thr Asp Gly 355 36e Ser Ser Ala Trp Thr Val Pro Phe Ala Ser Arg Leu Tyr Val Glu 378t Gln Cys Gln Ala Glu Gln Glu Pro Leu Val Arg Val Leu Val385 39sp Arg Val Val Pro Leu His Gly Cys Pro Ile Asp Ala Leu Gly 44ys Thr Arg Asp Ser Phe Val Arg Gly Leu Ser Phe Ala Arg Ser 423y Asp Trp Ala Glu Cys Ser Ala 435 44TAspergillus niger 4Asn Gln Ser Ser Cys Asp Thr Val Asp Gln Gly Tyr Gln Cys Phe Serhr Ser His Leu Trp Gly Gln Tyr Ala Pro Phe Phe Ser Leu Ala 2Asn Glu Ser Val Ile Ser Pro Asp Val Pro Ala Gly Cys Arg Val Thr 35 4 Ala Gln Val Leu Ser Arg His Gly Ala Arg Tyr Pro Thr Glu Ser 5Lys Gly Lys Lys Tyr Ser Ala Leu Ile Glu Glu Ile Gln Gln Asn Val65 7Thr Thr Phe Asp Gly Lys Tyr Ala Phe Leu Lys Thr Tyr Asn Tyr Ser 85 9 Gly Ala Asp Asp Leu Thr Pro Phe Gly Glu Gln Glu Leu Val Asn Gly Ile Lys Phe Tyr Gln Arg Tyr Glu Ser Leu Thr Arg Asn Ile Pro Phe Ile Arg Ser Ser Gly Ser Ser Arg Val Ile Ala Ser Gly Lys Phe Ile Glu Gly Phe Gln Ser Thr Lys Leu Lys Asp Pro Arg Ala Gln Pro Gly Gln Ser Ser Pro Lys Ile Asp Val Val Ile Ser Glu Ser Ser Ser Asn Asn Thr Leu Asp Pro Gly Thr Cys Thr Val Phe Asp Ser Glu Leu Ala Asp Thr Val Glu Ala Asn Phe Thr Ala Thr 2la Pro Ser Ile Arg Gln Arg Leu Glu Asn Asp Leu Ser Gly Val 222u Thr Asp Thr Glu Val Thr Tyr Leu Met Asp Met Cys Ser Phe225 234r Ile Ser Thr Ser Thr Val Asp Thr Lys Leu Ser Pro Phe Cys 245 25p Leu Phe Thr His Asp Glu Trp Ile His Tyr Asp Tyr Leu Arg Ser 267s Lys Tyr Tyr Gly His Gly Ala Gly Asn Pro Leu Gly Pro Thr 275 28n Gly Val Gly Tyr Ala Asn Glu Leu Ile Ala Arg Leu Thr His Ser 29al His Asp Asp Thr Ser Ser Asn His Thr Leu Asp Ser Asn Pro33la Thr Phe Pro Leu Asn Ser Thr Leu Tyr Ala Asp Phe Ser His Asp 325 33n Gly Ile Ile Ser Ile Leu Phe Ala Leu Gly Leu Tyr Asn Gly Thr 345o Leu Ser Thr Thr Thr Val Glu Asn Ile Thr Gln Thr Asp Gly 355 36e Ser Ser Ala Trp Thr Val Pro Phe Ala Ser Arg Leu Tyr Val Glu 378t Gln Cys Gln Ala Glu Gln Glu Pro Leu Val Arg Val Leu Val385 39sp Arg Val Val Pro Leu His Gly Cys Pro Ile Asp Ala Leu Gly 44ys Thr Arg Asp Ser Phe Val Arg Gly Leu Ser Phe Ala Arg Ser 423y Asp Trp Ala Glu Cys Phe Ala 435 44TAspergillus niger 5Asn Gln Ser Ser Cys Asp Thr Val Asp Gln Gly Tyr Gln Cys Phe Serhr Ser His Leu Trp Gly Gln Tyr Ala Pro Phe Phe Ser Leu Ala 2Asn Glu Ser Val Ile Ser Pro Glu Val Pro Ala Gly Cys Arg Val Thr 35 4 Ala Gln Val Leu Ser Arg His Gly Ala Arg Tyr Pro Thr Asp Ser 5Lys Gly Lys Lys Tyr Ser Ala Leu Ile Glu Glu Ile Gln Gln Asn Ala65 7Thr Thr Phe Asp Gly Lys Tyr Ala Phe Leu Lys Thr Tyr Asn Tyr Ser 85 9 Gly Ala Asp Asp Leu Thr Pro Phe Gly Glu Gln Glu Leu Val Asn Gly Ile Lys Phe Tyr Gln Arg Tyr Glu Ser Leu Thr Arg Asn Ile Pro Phe Ile Arg Ser Ser Gly Ser Ser Arg Val Ile Ala Ser Gly Lys Phe Ile Glu Gly Phe Gln Ser Thr Lys Leu Lys Asp Pro Arg Ala Gln Pro Gly Gln Ser Ser Pro Lys Ile Asp Val Val Ile Ser Glu Ser Ser Ser Asn Asn Thr Leu Asp Pro Gly Thr Cys Thr Val Phe Asp Ser Glu Leu Ala Asp Thr Val Glu Ala Asn Phe Thr Ala Thr 2al Pro Ser Ile Arg Gln Arg Leu Glu Asn Asp Leu Ser Gly Val 222u Thr Asp Thr Glu Val Thr Tyr Leu Met Asp Met Cys Ser Phe225 234r Ile Ser Thr Ser Thr Val Asp Thr Lys Leu Ser Pro Phe Cys 245 25p Leu Phe Thr His Asp Glu Trp Ile Asn Tyr Asp Tyr Leu Gln Ser 267s Lys Tyr Tyr Gly His Gly Ala Gly Asn Pro Leu Gly Pro Thr 275 28n Gly Val Gly Tyr Ala Asn Glu Leu Ile Ala Arg Leu Thr His Ser 29al His Asp Asp Thr Ser Ser Asn His Thr Leu Asp Ser Ser Pro33la Thr Phe Pro Leu Asn Ser Thr Leu Tyr Ala Asp Phe Ser His Asp 325 33n Gly Ile Ile Ser Ile Leu Phe Ala Leu Gly Leu Tyr Asn Gly Thr 345o Leu Ser Thr Thr Thr Val Glu Asn Ile Thr Gln Thr Asp Gly 355 36e Ser Ser Ala Trp Thr Val Pro Phe Ala Ser Arg Leu Tyr Val Glu 378t Gln Cys Gln Ala Glu Gln Glu Pro Leu Val Arg Val Leu Val385 39sp Arg Val Val Pro Leu His Gly Cys Pro Val Asp Ala Leu Gly 44ys Thr Arg Asp Ser Phe Val Arg Gly Leu Ser Phe Ala Arg Ser 423y Asp Trp Ala Glu Cys Phe Ala 435 44TAspergillus fumigatus 6Gly Ser Lys Ser Cys Asp Thr Val Asp Leu Gly Tyr Gln Cys Ser Prohr Ser His Leu Trp Gly Gln Tyr Ser Pro Phe Phe Ser Leu Glu 2Asp Glu Leu Ser Val Ser Ser Lys Leu Pro Lys Asp Cys Arg Ile Thr 35 4 Val Gln Val Leu Ser Arg His Gly Ala Arg Tyr Pro Thr Ser Ser 5Lys Ser Lys Lys Tyr Lys Lys Leu Val Thr Ala Ile Gln Ala Asn Ala65 7Thr Asp Phe Lys Gly Lys Phe Ala Phe Leu Lys Thr Tyr Asn Tyr Thr 85 9 Gly Ala Asp Asp Leu Thr Pro Phe Gly Glu Gln Gln Leu Val Asn Gly Ile Lys Phe Tyr Gln Arg Tyr Lys Ala Leu Ala Arg Ser Val Pro Phe Ile Arg Ala Ser Gly Ser Asp Arg Val Ile Ala Ser Gly Lys Phe Ile Glu Gly Phe Gln Gln Ala Lys Leu Ala Asp Pro Gly Ala Thr Asn Arg Ala Ala Pro Ala Ile Ser Val Ile Ile Pro Glu Ser Thr Phe Asn Asn Thr Leu Asp His Gly Val Cys Thr Lys Phe Glu Ser Gln Leu Gly Asp Glu Val Ala Ala Asn Phe Thr Ala Leu Phe 2ro Asp Ile Arg Ala Arg Ala Glu Lys His Leu Pro Gly Val Thr 222r Asp Glu Asp Val Val Ser Leu Met Asp Met Cys Ser Phe Asp225 234l Ala Arg Thr Ser Asp Ala Ser Gln Leu Ser Pro Phe Cys Gln

245 25u Phe Thr His Asn Glu Trp Lys Lys Tyr Asn Tyr Leu Gln Ser Leu 267s Tyr Tyr Gly Tyr Gly Ala Gly Asn Pro Leu Gly Pro Ala Gln 275 28y Ile Gly Phe Thr Asn Glu Leu Ile Ala Arg Leu Thr Arg Ser Pro 29ln Asp His Thr Ser Thr Asn Ser Thr Leu Val Ser Asn Pro Ala33hr Phe Pro Leu Asn Ala Thr Met Tyr Val Asp Phe Ser His Asp Asn 325 33r Met Val Ser Ile Phe Phe Ala Leu Gly Leu Tyr Asn Gly Thr Glu 345u Ser Arg Thr Ser Val Glu Ser Ala Lys Glu Leu Asp Gly Tyr 355 36r Ala Ser Trp Val Val Pro Phe Gly Ala Arg Ala Tyr Phe Glu Thr 378n Cys Lys Ser Glu Lys Glu Pro Leu Val Arg Ala Leu Ile Asn385 39rg Val Val Pro Leu His Gly Cys Asp Val Asp Lys Leu Gly Arg 44ys Leu Asn Asp Phe Val Lys Gly Leu Ser Trp Ala Arg Ser Gly 423n Trp Gly Glu Cys Phe Ser 435 44TAspergillus fumigatus 7Gly Ser Lys Ser Cys Asp Thr Val Asp Leu Gly Tyr Gln Cys Ser Prohr Ser His Leu Trp Gly Gln Tyr Ser Pro Phe Phe Ser Leu Glu 2Asp Glu Leu Ser Val Ser Ser Lys Leu Pro Lys Asp Cys Arg Ile Thr 35 4 Val Gln Val Leu Ser Arg His Gly Ala Arg Tyr Pro Thr Ser Ser 5Lys Ser Lys Lys Tyr Lys Lys Leu Val Thr Ala Ile Gln Ala Asn Ala65 7Thr Asp Phe Lys Gly Lys Phe Ala Phe Leu Lys Thr Tyr Asn Tyr Thr 85 9 Gly Ala Asp Asp Leu Thr Pro Phe Gly Glu Gln Gln Leu Val Asn Gly Ile Lys Phe Tyr Gln Arg Tyr Lys Ala Leu Ala Arg Ser Val Pro Phe Ile Arg Ala Ser Gly Ser Asp Arg Val Ile Ala Ser Gly Lys Phe Ile Glu Gly Phe Gln Gln Ala Lys Leu Ala Asp Pro Gly Ala Thr Asn Arg Ala Ala Pro Ala Ile Ser Val Ile Ile Pro Glu Ser Thr Phe Asn Asn Thr Leu Asp His Gly Val Cys Thr Lys Phe Glu Ser Gln Leu Gly Asp Glu Val Ala Ala Asn Phe Thr Ala Leu Phe 2ro Asp Ile Arg Ala Arg Ala Glu Lys His Leu Pro Gly Val Thr 222r Asp Glu Asp Val Val Ser Leu Met Asp Met Cys Ser Phe Asp225 234l Ala Arg Thr Ser Asp Ala Ser Gln Leu Ser Pro Phe Cys Gln 245 25u Phe Thr His Asn Glu Trp Lys Lys Tyr Asn Tyr Leu Gln Ser Leu 267s Tyr Tyr Gly Tyr Gly Ala Gly Asn Pro Leu Gly Pro Ala Gln 275 28y Ile Gly Phe Thr Asn Glu Leu Ile Ala Arg Leu Thr Arg Ser Pro 29ln Asp His Thr Ser Thr Asn Ser Thr Leu Val Ser Asn Pro Ala33hr Phe Pro Leu Asn Ala Thr Met Tyr Val Asp Phe Ser His Asp Asn 325 33r Met Val Ser Ile Phe Phe Ala Leu Gly Leu Tyr Asn Gly Thr Gly 345u Ser Arg Thr Ser Val Glu Ser Ala Lys Glu Leu Asp Gly Tyr 355 36r Ala Ser Trp Val Val Pro Phe Gly Ala Arg Ala Tyr Phe Glu Thr 378n Cys Lys Ser Glu Lys Glu Pro Leu Val Arg Ala Leu Ile Asn385 39rg Val Val Pro Leu His Gly Cys Asp Val Asp Lys Leu Gly Arg 44ys Leu Asn Asp Phe Val Lys Gly Leu Ser Trp Ala Arg Ser Gly 423n Trp Gly Glu Cys Phe Ser 435 44TAspergillus fumigatus 8Gly Ser Lys Ser Cys Asp Thr Val Asp Leu Gly Tyr Gln Cys Ser Prohr Ser His Leu Trp Gly Gln Tyr Ser Pro Phe Phe Ser Leu Glu 2Asp Glu Leu Ser Val Ser Ser Lys Leu Pro Lys Asp Cys Arg Ile Thr 35 4 Val Gln Val Leu Ser Arg His Gly Ala Arg Tyr Pro Thr Ser Ser 5Lys Ser Lys Lys Tyr Lys Lys Leu Val Thr Ala Ile Gln Ala Asn Ala65 7Thr Asp Phe Lys Gly Lys Phe Ala Phe Leu Lys Thr Tyr Asn Tyr Thr 85 9 Gly Ala Asp Asp Leu Thr Pro Phe Gly Glu Gln Gln Leu Val Asn Gly Ile Lys Phe Tyr Gln Arg Tyr Lys Ala Leu Ala Arg Ser Val Pro Phe Ile Arg Ala Ser Gly Ser Asp Arg Val Ile Ala Ser Gly Lys Phe Ile Glu Gly Phe Gln Gln Ala Lys Leu Ala Asp Pro Gly Ala Thr Asn Arg Ala Ala Pro Ala Ile Ser Val Ile Ile Pro Glu Ser Thr Phe Asn Asn Thr Leu Asp His Gly Val Cys Thr Lys Phe Glu Ser Gln Leu Gly Asp Glu Val Ala Ala Asn Phe Thr Ala Leu Phe 2ro Asp Ile Arg Ala Arg Ala Glu Lys His Leu Pro Gly Val Thr
222r Asp Glu Asp Val Val Ser Leu Met Asp Met Cys Ser Phe Asp225 234l Ala Arg Thr Ser Asp Ala Ser Gln Leu Ser Pro Phe Cys Gln 245 25u Phe Thr His Asn Glu Trp Lys Lys Tyr Asn Tyr Leu Gln Ser Leu 267s Tyr Tyr Gly Tyr Gly Ala Gly Asn Pro Leu Gly Pro Ala Gln 275 28y Ile Gly Phe Thr Asn Glu Leu Ile Ala Arg Leu Thr Arg Ser Pro 29ln Asp His Thr Ser Thr Asn Ser Thr Leu Val Ser Asn Pro Ala33hr Phe Pro Leu Asn Ala Thr Met Tyr Val Asp Phe Ser His Asp Asn 325 33r Met Val Ser Ile Phe Phe Ala Leu Gly Leu Tyr Asn Gly Thr Glu 345u Ser Arg Thr Ser Val Glu Ser Ala Lys Glu Leu Asp Gly Tyr 355 36r Ala Ser Trp Val Val Pro Phe Gly Ala Arg Ala Tyr Phe Glu Thr 378n Cys Lys Ser Glu Lys Glu Ser Leu Val Arg Ala Leu Ile Asn385 39rg Val Val Pro Leu His Gly Cys Asp Val Asp Lys Leu Gly Arg 44ys Leu Asn Asp Phe Val Lys Gly Leu Ser Trp Ala Arg Ser Gly 423n Trp Gly Glu Cys Phe Ser 435 44TAspergillus fumigatus 9Gly Ser Lys Ser Cys Asp Thr Val Asp Leu Gly Tyr Gln Cys Ser Prohr Ser His Leu Trp Gly Gln Tyr Ser Pro Phe Phe Ser Leu Glu 2Asp Glu Leu Ser Val Ser Ser Lys Leu Pro Lys Asp Cys Arg Ile Thr 35 4 Val Gln Val Leu Ser Arg His Gly Ala Arg Tyr Pro Thr Ser Ser 5Lys Ser Lys Lys Tyr Lys Lys Leu Val Thr Ala Ile Gln Ala Asn Ala65 7Thr Asp Phe Lys Gly Lys Phe Ala Phe Leu Lys Thr Tyr Asn Tyr Thr 85 9 Gly Ala Asp Asp Leu Thr Ala Phe Gly Glu Gln Gln Leu Val Asn Gly Ile Lys Phe Tyr Gln Arg Tyr Lys Ala Leu Ala Arg Ser Val Pro Phe Ile Arg Ala Ser Gly Ser Asp Arg Val Ile Ala Ser Gly Lys Phe Ile Glu Gly Phe Gln Gln Ala Lys Leu Ala Asp Pro Gly Ala Thr Asn Arg Ala Ala Pro Ala Ile Ser Val Ile Ile Pro Glu Ser Thr Phe Asn Asn Thr Leu Asp His Gly Val Cys Thr Lys Phe Glu Ser Gln Leu Gly Asp Glu Val Ala Ala Asn Phe Thr Ala Leu Phe 2ro Asp Ile Arg Ala Arg Ala Lys Lys His Leu Pro Gly Val Thr 222r Asp Glu Asp Val Val Ser Leu Met Asp Met Cys Ser Phe Asp225 234l Ala Arg Thr Ser Asp Ala Ser Gln Leu Ser Pro Phe Cys Gln 245 25u Phe Thr His Asn Glu Trp Lys Lys Tyr Asn Tyr Leu Gln Ser Leu 267s Tyr Tyr Gly Tyr Gly Ala Gly Asn Pro Leu Gly Pro Ala Gln 275 28y Ile Gly Phe Thr Asn Glu Leu Ile Ala Arg Leu Thr Arg Ser Pro 29ln Asp His Thr Ser Thr Asn Ser Thr Leu Val Ser Asn Pro Ala33hr Phe Pro Leu Asn Ala Thr Met Tyr Val Asp Phe Ser His Asp Asn 325 33r Met Val Ser Ile Phe Phe Ala Leu Gly Leu Tyr Asn Gly Thr Glu 345u Ser Arg Thr Ser Val Glu Ser Ala Lys Glu Leu Asp Gly Tyr 355 36r Ala Ser Trp Val Val Pro Phe Gly Ala Arg Ala Tyr Phe Glu Thr 378n Cys Lys Ser Glu Lys Glu Pro Leu Val Arg Ala Leu Ile Asn385 39rg Val Val Pro Leu His Gly Cys Asp Val Asp Lys Leu Gly Arg 44ys Leu Asn Asp Phe Val Lys Gly Leu Ser Trp Ala Arg Ser Gly 423n Trp Gly Glu Cys Phe Ser 435 44RTAspergillus fumigatus er Lys Ala Cys Asp Thr Val Glu Leu Gly Tyr Gln Cys Ser Prohr Ser His Leu Trp Gly Gln Tyr Ser Pro Phe Phe Ser Leu Glu 2Asp Glu Leu Ser Val Ser Ser Asp Leu Pro Lys Asp Cys Arg Val Thr 35 4 Val Gln Val Leu Ser Arg His Gly Ala Arg Tyr Pro Thr Ala Ser 5Lys Ser Lys Lys Tyr Lys Lys Leu Val Thr Ala Ile Gln Lys Asn Ala65 7Thr Glu Phe Lys Gly Lys Phe Ala Phe Leu Glu Thr Tyr Asn Tyr Thr 85 9 Gly Ala Asp Asp Leu Thr Pro Phe Gly Glu Gln Gln Met Val Asn Gly Ile Lys Phe Tyr Gln Lys Tyr Lys Ala Leu Ala Gly Ser Val Pro Phe Ile Arg Ser Ser Gly Ser Asp Arg Val Ile Ala Ser Gly Lys Phe Ile Glu Gly Phe Gln Gln Ala Asn Val Ala Asp Pro Gly Ala Thr Asn Arg Ala Ala Pro Val Ile Ser Val Ile Ile Pro Glu Ser Thr Tyr Asn Asn Thr Leu Asp His Ser Val Cys Thr Asn Phe Glu Ser Glu Leu Gly Asp Glu Val Glu Ala Asn Phe Thr Ala Leu Phe 2ro Ala Ile Arg Ala Arg Ile Glu Lys His Leu Pro Gly Val Gln 222r Asp Asp Asp Val Val Ser Leu Met Asp Met Cys Ser Phe Asp225 234l Ala Arg Thr Ala Asp Ala Ser Glu Leu Ser Pro Phe Cys Ala 245 25e Phe Thr His Asn Glu Trp Lys Lys Tyr Asp Tyr Leu Gln Ser Leu 267s Tyr Tyr Gly Tyr Gly Ala Gly Asn Pro Leu Gly Pro Ala Gln 275 28y Ile Gly Phe Thr Asn Glu Leu Ile Ala Arg Leu Thr Asn Ser Pro 29ln Asp His Thr Ser Thr Asn Ser Thr Leu Asp Ser Asp Pro Ala33hr Phe Pro Leu Asn Ala Thr Ile Tyr Val Asp Phe Ser His Asp Asn 325 33y Met Ile Pro Ile Phe Phe Ala Met Gly Leu Tyr Asn Gly Thr Glu 345u Ser Gln Thr Ser Glu Glu Ser Thr Lys Glu Ser Asn Gly Tyr 355 36r Ala Ser Trp Ala Val Pro Phe Gly Ala Arg Ala Tyr Phe Glu Thr 378n Cys Lys Ser Glu Lys Glu Pro Leu Val Arg Ala Leu Ile Asn385 39rg Val Val Pro Leu His Gly Cys Ala Val Asp Lys Leu Gly Arg 44ys Leu Lys Asp Phe Val Lys Gly Leu Ser Trp Ala Arg Ser Gly 423n Ser Glu Gln Ser Phe Ser 435 44RTAspergillus nidulans sn His Ser Cys Asn Thr Ala Asp Gly Gly Tyr Gln Cys Phe Proal Ser His Val Trp Gly Gln Tyr Ser Pro Tyr Phe Ser Ile Glu 2Gln Glu Ser Ala Ile Ser Glu Asp Val Pro His Gly Cys Glu Val Thr 35 4 Val Gln Val Leu Ser Arg His Gly Ala Arg Tyr Pro Thr Glu Ser 5Lys Ser Lys Ala Tyr Ser Gly Leu Ile Glu Ala Ile Gln Lys Asn Ala65 7Thr Ser Phe Trp Gly Gln Tyr Ala Phe Leu Glu Ser Tyr Asn Tyr Thr 85 9 Gly Ala Asp Asp Leu Thr Ile Phe Gly Glu Asn Gln Met Val Asp Gly Ala Lys Phe Tyr Arg Arg Tyr Lys Asn Leu Ala Arg Lys Asn Pro Phe Ile Arg Ala Ser Gly Ser Asp Arg Val Val Ala Ser Ala Lys Phe Ile Asn Gly Phe Arg Lys Ala Gln Leu His Asp His Gly Ser Gly Gln Ala Thr Pro Val Val Asn Val Ile Ile Pro Glu Ile Asp Phe Asn Asn Thr Leu Asp His Ser Thr Cys Val Ser Phe Glu Asn Glu Arg Ala Asp Glu Ile Glu Ala Asn Phe Thr Ala Ile Met Gly 2ro Ile Arg Lys Arg Leu Glu Asn Asp Leu Pro Gly Ile Lys Leu 222n Glu Asn Val Ile Tyr Leu Met Asp Met Cys Ser Phe Asp Thr225 234a Arg Thr Ala His Gly Thr Glu Leu Ser Pro Phe Cys Ala Ile 245 25e Thr Glu Lys Glu Trp Leu Gln Tyr Asp Tyr Leu Gln Ser Leu Ser 267r Tyr Gly Tyr Gly Ala Gly Ser Pro Leu Gly Pro Ala Gln Gly 275 28e Gly Phe Thr Asn Glu Leu Ile Ala Arg Leu Thr Gln Ser Pro Val 29sp Asn Thr Ser Thr Asn His Thr Leu Asp Ser Asn Pro Ala Thr33he Pro Leu Asp Arg Lys Leu Tyr Ala Asp Phe Ser His Asp Asn Ser 325 33t Ile Ser Ile Phe Phe Ala Met Gly Leu Tyr Asn Gly Thr Gln Pro 345r Met Asp Ser Val Glu Ser Ile Gln Glu Met Asp Gly Tyr Ala 355 36a Ser Trp Thr Val Pro Phe Gly Ala Arg Ala Tyr Phe Glu Leu Met 378s Glu Lys Lys Glu Pro Leu Val Arg Val Leu Val Asn Asp Arg385 39al Pro Leu His Gly Cys Ala Val Asp Lys Phe Gly Arg Cys Thr 44sp Asp Trp Val Glu Gly Leu Asn Phe Ala Arg Ser Gly Gly Asn 423s Thr Cys Phe Thr Leu 435TTalaromyces thermophilus er His Ser Cys Asn Thr Val Glu Gly Gly Tyr Gln Cys Arg Prole Ser His Ser Trp Gly Gln Tyr Ser Pro Phe Phe Ser Leu Ala 2Asp Gln Ser Glu Ile Ser Pro Asp Val Pro Gln Asn Cys Lys Ile Thr 35 4 Val Gln Leu Leu Ser Arg His Gly Ala Arg Tyr Pro Thr Ser Ser 5Lys Thr Glu

Leu Tyr Ser Gln Leu Ile Ser Arg Ile Gln Lys Thr Ala65 7Thr Ala Tyr Lys Gly Tyr Tyr Ala Phe Leu Lys Asp Tyr Arg Tyr Gln 85 9 Gly Ala Asn Asp Leu Thr Pro Phe Gly Glu Asn Gln Met Ile Gln Gly Ile Lys Phe Tyr Asn His Tyr Lys Ser Leu Ala Arg Asn Ala Pro Phe Val Arg Cys Ser Gly Ser Asp Arg Val Ile Ala Ser Gly Leu Phe Ile Glu Gly Phe Gln Ser Ala Lys Val Leu Asp Pro His Ser Asp Lys His Asp Ala Pro Pro Thr Ile Asn Val Ile Ile Glu Glu Pro Ser Tyr Asn Asn Thr Leu Asp Thr Gly Ser Cys Pro Val Phe Asp Ser Ser Gly Gly His Asp Ala Gln Glu Lys Phe Ala Lys Gln 2la Pro Ala Ile Leu Glu Lys Ile Lys Asp His Leu Pro Gly Val 222u Ala Val Ser Asp Val Pro Tyr Leu Met Asp Leu Cys Pro Phe225 234r Leu Ala Arg Asn His Thr Asp Thr Leu Ser Pro Phe Cys Ala 245 25u Ser Thr Gln Glu Glu Trp Gln Ala Tyr Asp Tyr Tyr Gln Ser Leu 267s Tyr Tyr Gly Asn Gly Gly Gly Asn Pro Leu Gly Pro Ala Gln 275 28y Val Gly Phe Val Asn Glu Leu Ile Ala Arg Met Thr His Ser Pro 29ln Asp Tyr Thr Thr Val Asn His Thr Leu Asp Ser Asn Pro Ala33hr Phe Pro Leu Asn Ala Thr Leu Tyr Ala Asp Phe Ser His Asp Asn 325 33r Met Thr Ser Ile Phe Ala Ala Leu Gly Leu Tyr Asn Gly Thr Ala 345u Ser Thr Thr Glu Ile Lys Ser Ile Glu Glu Thr Asp Gly Tyr 355 36r Ala Ala Trp Thr Val Pro Phe Gly Gly Arg Ala Tyr Ile Glu Met 378n Cys Asp Asp Ser Asp Glu Pro Val Val Arg Val Leu Val Asn385 39rg Val Val Pro Leu His Gly Cys Glu Val Asp Ser Leu Gly Arg 44ys Arg Asp Asp Phe Val Arg Gly Leu Ser Phe Ala Arg Gln Gly 423n Trp Glu Gly Cys Tyr Ala Ala Ser Glu 435 44RTMyceliophthora thermophila er Arg Pro Cys Asp Thr Pro Asp Leu Gly Phe Gln Cys Gly Thrle Ser His Phe Trp Gly Gln Tyr Ser Pro Tyr Phe Ser Val Pro 2Ser Glu Leu Asp Ala Ser Ile Pro Asp Asp Cys Glu Val Thr Phe Ala 35 4 Val Leu Ser Arg His Gly Ala Arg Ala Pro Thr Leu Lys Arg Ala 5Ala Ser Tyr Val Asp Leu Ile Asp Arg Ile His His Gly Ala Ile Ser65 7Tyr Gly Pro Gly Tyr Glu Phe Leu Arg Thr Tyr Asp Tyr Thr Leu Gly 85 9 Asp Glu Leu Thr Arg Thr Gly Gln Gln Gln Met Val Asn Ser Gly Lys Phe Tyr Arg Arg Tyr Arg Ala Leu Ala Arg Lys Ser Ile Pro Val Arg Thr Ala Gly Gln Asp Arg Val Val His Ser Ala Glu Asn Thr Gln Gly Phe His Ser Ala Leu Leu Ala Asp Arg Gly Ser Thr Val Arg Pro Thr Leu Pro Tyr Asp Met Val Val Ile Pro Glu Thr Ala Ala Asn Asn Thr Leu His Asn Asp Leu Cys Thr Ala Phe Glu Glu Pro Tyr Ser Thr Ile Gly Asp Asp Ala Gln Asp Thr Tyr Leu Ser
2he Ala Gly Pro Ile Thr Ala Arg Val Asn Ala Asn Leu Pro Gly 222n Leu Thr Asp Ala Asp Thr Val Ala Leu Met Asp Leu Cys Pro225 234u Thr Val Ala Ser Ser Ser Ser Asp Pro Ala Thr Ala Asp Ala 245 25y Gly Gly Asn Gly Arg Pro Leu Ser Pro Phe Cys Arg Leu Phe Ser 267r Glu Trp Arg Ala Tyr Asp Tyr Leu Gln Ser Val Gly Lys Trp 275 28r Gly Tyr Gly Pro Gly Asn Pro Leu Gly Pro Thr Gln Gly Val Gly 29al Asn Glu Leu Leu Ala Arg Leu Ala Gly Val Pro Val Arg Asp33ly Thr Ser Thr Asn Arg Thr Leu Asp Gly Asp Pro Arg Thr Phe Pro 325 33u Gly Arg Pro Leu Tyr Ala Asp Phe Ser His Asp Asn Asp Met Met 345l Leu Gly Ala Leu Gly Ala Tyr Asp Gly Val Pro Pro Leu Asp 355 36s Thr Ala Arg Arg Asp Pro Glu Glu Leu Gly Gly Tyr Ala Ala Ser 378a Val Pro Phe Ala Ala Arg Ile Tyr Val Glu Lys Met Arg Cys385 39ly Gly Gly Gly Gly Gly Gly Gly Gly Glu Gly Arg Gln Glu Lys 44lu Glu Met Val Arg Val Leu Val Asn Asp Arg Val Met Thr Leu 423y Cys Gly Ala Asp Glu Arg Gly Met Cys Thr Leu Glu Arg Phe 435 44e Glu Ser Met Ala Phe Ala Arg Gly Asn Gly Lys Trp Asp Leu Cys 456a465TArtificialCalculated consensus sequence. er His Ser Cys Asp Thr Val Asp Gly Gly Tyr Gln Cys Phe Prole Ser His Leu Trp Gly Gln Tyr Ser Pro Tyr Phe Ser Leu Glu 2Asp Glu Ser Ala Ile Ser Pro Asp Val Pro Asp Asp Cys Xaa Val Thr 35 4 Val Gln Val Leu Ser Arg His Gly Ala Arg Tyr Pro Thr Ser Ser 5Lys Xaa Lys Ala Tyr Ser Ala Leu Ile Glu Ala Ile Gln Lys Asn Ala65 7Thr Xaa Phe Lys Gly Lys Tyr Ala Phe Leu Lys Thr Tyr Asn Tyr Thr 85 9 Gly Ala Asp Asp Leu Thr Pro Phe Gly Glu Asn Gln Met Val Asn Gly Ile Lys Phe Tyr Arg Arg Tyr Lys Ala Leu Ala Arg Lys Xaa Pro Phe Val Arg Ala Ser Gly Ser Asp Arg Val Ile Ala Ser Ala Lys Phe Ile Glu Gly Phe Gln Ser Ala Lys Leu Ala Asp Pro Gly Ser Xaa Pro His Gln Ala Ser Pro Val Ile Asn Val Ile Ile Pro Glu Ser Gly Tyr Asn Asn Thr Leu Asp His Gly Thr Cys Thr Ala Phe Asp Ser Glu Leu Gly Asp Asp Ala Glu Ala Asn Phe Thr Ala Thr 2la Pro Ala Ile Arg Ala Arg Leu Glu Ala Asp Leu Pro Gly Val 222u Thr Asp Glu Asp Val Val Xaa Leu Met Asp Met Cys Pro Phe225 234r Val Ala Arg Thr Ser Asp Ala Thr Glu Leu Ser Pro Phe Cys 245 25a Leu Phe Thr Glu Xaa Glu Trp Xaa Xaa Tyr Asp Tyr Leu Gln Ser
267y Lys Tyr Tyr Gly Tyr Gly Ala Gly Asn Pro Leu Gly Pro Ala 275 28n Gly Val Gly Phe Xaa Asn Glu Leu Ile Ala Arg Leu Thr His Ser 29al Gln Asp His Thr Ser Thr Asn His Thr Leu Asp Ser Asn Pro33la Thr Phe Pro Leu Asn Ala Thr Leu Tyr Ala Asp Phe Ser His Asp 325 33n Ser Met Ile Ser Ile Phe Phe Ala Leu Gly Leu Tyr Asn Gly Thr 345o Leu Ser Thr Thr Ser Val Glu Ser Ile Glu Glu Thr Asp Gly 355 36r Ala Ala Ser Trp Thr Val Pro Phe Gly Ala Arg Ala Tyr Val Glu 378t Gln Cys Gln Ala Glu Lys Glu Pro Leu Val Arg Val Leu Val385 39sp Arg Val Val Pro Leu His Gly Cys Ala Val Asp Lys Leu Gly 44ys Lys Leu Asp Asp Phe Val Glu Gly Leu Ser Phe Ala Arg Ser 423y Asn Trp Ala Glu Cys Phe Ala 435 44RTArtificialConstructed consensus phytase sequence. er His Ser Cys Asp Thr Val Asp Gly Gly Tyr Gln Cys Phe Prole Ser His Leu Trp Gly Gln Tyr Ser Pro Tyr Phe Ser Leu Glu 2Asp Glu Ser Ala Ile Ser Pro Asp Val Pro Asp Asp Cys Arg Val Thr 35 4 Val Gln Val Leu Ser Arg His Gly Ala Arg Tyr Pro Thr Ser Ser 5Lys Ser Lys Ala Tyr Ser Ala Leu Ile Glu Ala Ile Gln Lys Asn Ala65 7Thr Ala Phe Lys Gly Lys Tyr Ala Phe Leu Lys Thr Tyr Asn Tyr Thr 85 9 Gly Ala Asp Asp Leu Thr Pro Phe Gly Glu Asn Gln Met Val Asn Gly Ile Lys Phe Tyr Arg Arg Tyr Lys Ala Leu Ala Arg Lys Ile Pro Phe Ile Arg Ala Ser Gly Ser Asp Arg Val Ile Ala Ser Ala Lys Phe Ile Glu Gly Phe Gln Ser Ala Lys Leu Ala Asp Pro Gly Ser Gln Pro His Gln Ala Ser Pro Val Ile Asp Val Ile Ile Pro Glu Ser Gly Tyr Asn Asn Thr Leu Asp His Gly Thr Cys Thr Ala Phe Asp Ser Glu Leu Gly Asp Asp Val Glu Ala Asn Phe Thr Ala Leu 2la Pro Ala Ile Arg Ala Arg Leu Glu Ala Asp Leu Pro Gly Val 222u Thr Asp Glu Asp Val Val Tyr Leu Met Asp Met Cys Pro Phe225 234r Val Ala Arg Thr Ser Asp Ala Thr Glu Leu Ser Pro Phe Cys 245 25a Leu Phe Thr His Asp Glu Trp Arg Gln Tyr Asp Tyr Leu Gln Ser 267y Lys Tyr Tyr Gly Tyr Gly Ala Gly Asn Pro Leu Gly Pro Ala 275 28n Gly Val Gly Phe Ala Asn Glu Leu Ile Ala Arg Leu Thr Arg Ser 29al Gln Asp His Thr Ser Thr Asn His Thr Leu Asp Ser Asn Pro33la Thr Phe Pro Leu Asn Ala Thr Leu Tyr Ala Asp Phe Ser His Asp 325 33n Ser Met Ile Ser Ile Phe Phe Ala Leu Gly Leu Tyr Asn Gly Thr 345o Leu Ser Thr Thr Ser Val Glu Ser Ile Glu Glu Thr Asp Gly 355 36r Ser Ala Ser Trp Thr Val Pro Phe Gly Ala Arg Ala Tyr Val Glu 378t Gln Cys Gln Ala Glu Lys Glu Pro Leu Val Arg Val Leu Val385 39sp Arg Val Val Pro Leu His Gly Cys Ala Val Asp Lys Leu Gly 44ys Lys Arg Asp Asp Phe Val Glu Gly Leu Ser Phe Ala Arg Ser 423y Asn Trp Ala Glu Cys Phe Ala 435 44DNAArtificialDNA sequence of the fungal consensus gene (fcp). gaatt catgggcgtg ttcgtcgtgc tactgtccat tgccaccttg ttcggttcca 6gtac cgccttgggt cctcgtggta attctcactc ttgtgacact gttgacggtg ccaatg tttcccagaa atttctcact tgtggggtca atactctcca tacttctctt agacga atctgctatt tctccagacg ttccagacga ctgtagagtt actttcgttc 24tgtc tagacacggt gctagatacc caacttcttc taagtctaag gcttactctg 3attga agctattcaa aagaacgcta ctgctttcaa gggtaagtac gctttcttga 36acaa ctacactttg ggtgctgacg acttgactcc attcggtgaa aaccaaatgg 42ctgg tattaagttc tacagaagat acaaggcttt ggctagaaag attgttccat 48gagc ttctggttct gacagagtta ttgcttctgc tgaaaagttc attgaaggtt 54ctgc taagttggct gacccaggtt ctcaaccaca ccaagcttct ccagttattg 6attat tccagaagga tccggttaca acaacacttt ggaccacggt acttgtactg 66aaga ctctgaattg ggtgacgacg ttgaagctaa cttcactgct ttgttcgctc 72ttag agctagattg gaagctgact tgccaggtgt tactttgact gacgaagacg 78actt gatggacatg tgtccattcg aaactgttgc tagaacttct gacgctactg 84ctcc attctgtgct ttgttcactc acgacgaatg gagacaatac gactacttgc 9ttggg taagtactac ggttacggtg ctggtaaccc attgggtcca gctcaaggtg 96tcgc taacgaattg attgctagat tgactagatc tccagttcaa gaccacactt ctaacca cactttggac tctaacccag ctactttccc attgaacgct actttgtacg acttctc tcacgacaac tctatgattt ctattttctt cgctttgggt ttgtacaacg ctgctcc attgtctact acttctgttg aatctattga agaaactgac ggttactctg cttggac tgttccattc ggtgctagag cttacgttga aatgatgcaa tgtcaagctg aggaacc attggttaga gttttggtta acgacagagt tgttccattg cacggttgtg ttgacaa gttgggtaga tgtaagagag acgacttcgt tgaaggtttg tctttcgcta ctggtgg taactgggct gaatgtttcg cttaagaatt catata 67PRTArtificialConstructed consensus phytase sequence with signal peptide of phytase from A. terreus cbs fused to N-terminus. ly Val Phe Val Val Leu Leu Ser Ile Ala Thr Leu Phe Gly Serer Gly Thr Ala Leu Gly Pro Arg Gly Asn Ser His Ser Cys Asp 2Thr Val Asp Gly Gly Tyr Gln Cys Phe Pro Glu Ile Ser His Leu Trp 35 4 Gln Tyr Ser Pro Tyr Phe Ser Leu Glu Asp Glu Ser Ala Ile Ser 5Pro Asp Val Pro Asp Asp Cys Arg Val Thr Phe Val Gln Val Leu Ser65 7Arg His Gly Ala Arg Tyr Pro Thr Ser Ser Lys Ser Lys Ala Tyr Ser 85 9 Leu Ile Glu Ala Ile Gln Lys Asn Ala Thr Ala Phe Lys Gly Lys Ala Phe Leu Lys Thr Tyr Asn Tyr Thr Leu Gly Ala Asp Asp Leu Pro Phe Gly Glu Asn Gln Met Val Asn Ser Gly Ile Lys Phe Tyr Arg Tyr Lys Ala Leu Ala Arg Lys Ile Val Pro Phe Ile Arg Ala Ser Gly Ser Asp Arg Val Ile Ala Ser Ala Glu Lys Phe Ile Glu Gly Gln Ser Ala Lys Leu Ala Asp Pro Gly Ser Gln Pro His Gln Ala Pro Val Ile Asp Val Ile Ile Pro Glu Gly Ser Gly Tyr Asn Asn 2eu Asp His Gly Thr Cys Thr Ala Phe Glu Asp Ser Glu Leu Gly 222p Val Glu Ala Asn Phe Thr Ala Leu Phe Ala Pro Ala Ile Arg225 234g Leu Glu Ala Asp Leu Pro Gly Val Thr Leu Thr Asp Glu Asp 245 25l Val Tyr Leu Met Asp Met Cys Pro Phe Glu Thr Val Ala Arg Thr 267p Ala Thr Glu Leu Ser Pro Phe Cys Ala Leu Phe Thr His Asp 275 28u Trp Arg Gln Tyr Asp Tyr Leu Gln Ser Leu Gly Lys Tyr Tyr Gly 29ly Ala Gly Asn Pro Leu Gly Pro Ala Gln Gly Val Gly Phe Ala33sn Glu Leu Ile Ala Arg Leu Thr Arg Ser Pro Val Gln Asp His Thr 325 33r Thr Asn His Thr Leu Asp Ser Asn Pro Ala Thr Phe Pro Leu Asn 345r Leu Tyr Ala Asp Phe Ser His Asp Asn Ser Met Ile Ser Ile 355 36e Phe Ala Leu Gly Leu Tyr Asn Gly Thr Ala Pro Leu Ser Thr Thr 378l Glu Ser Ile Glu Glu Thr Asp Gly Tyr Ser Ala Ser Trp Thr385 39ro Phe Gly Ala Arg Ala Tyr Val Glu Met Met Gln Cys Gln Ala 44ys Glu Pro Leu Val Arg Val Leu Val Asn Asp Arg Val Val Pro 423s Gly Cys Ala Val Asp Lys Leu Gly Arg Cys Lys Arg Asp Asp 435 44e Val Glu Gly Leu Ser Phe Ala Arg Ser Gly Gly Asn Trp Ala Glu 45BR>
46e Ala465ArtificialPCR primer. gaatt catgggcgtg ttcgtc 26ArtificialPCR primer. agttc attgaaggtt tc 222rtificialPCR primer. 2aaag cagtacaagt ac 222rtificialPCR primer. 2aatt cttaagcgaa ac 222233DNAArtificialPCR primer. 22tatatcatga gcgtgttcgt cgtgctactg ttc 332333DNAArtificialPCR primer. 23acccgactta caaagcgaat tctatagata tat 332432DNAArtificialPrimer for site-directed mutagenesis. 24cacttgtggg gtttgtacag tccatacttc tc
322532DNAArtificialPrimer for site-directed mutagenesis. 25gagaagtatg gactgtacaa accccacaag tg 322632DNAArtificialPrimer for site-directed mutagenesis. 26cacttgtggg gtacctactc tccatacttc tc 322732DNAArtificialPrimer for site-directed mutagenesis.
27gagaagtatg gagagtaggt accccacaag tg 322832DNAArtificialPrimer for site-directed mutagenesis. 28cacttgtggg gtggttactc tccatacttc tc 322932DNAArtificialPrimer for site-directed mutagenesis. 29gagaagtatg gagagtaacc accccacaag tg 323rtificialPrimer for site-directed mutagenesis. 3tggg gtaccaactc tccatacttc tc 323rtificialPrimer for site-directed mutagenesis. 3tatg gagagttggt accccacaag tg 323232DNAArtificialPrimer for site-directed mutagenesis. 32cacttgtggg gtctcaactc tccatacttc tc 323332DNAArtificialPrimer for site-directed mutagenesis. 33gagaagtatg gagagttgag accccacaag tg 32

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