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United States Patent
5159594
Bales , ; et al.
October 27, 1992
Title
Transparent communication of control information through a switching network
Abstract
An apparatus for establishing a flexible rate interface (FRI) link on a standard ISDN link. The FRI link has its own signaling channel that is distinct from the signaling channel of the standard ISDN link, and the signaling channel of the FRI link is transparent to intervening switching systems. There are no geographical restrictions on a FRI link. The signaling channel of a FRI link may be established by designating a B channel of a standard link, by using a logical link of a D channel of a standard ISDN link, or by using standard ISDN user information transport facilities to communicate the signaling channel. FRI transport channels are B channels of a standard ISDN link or subchannels of a B channel.
Inventors:
Bales; Bruce M.
(Louisville,
CO
)
, Crumpley; Robert L.
(Westminster,
CO
)
, North; Sandra S.
(Golden,
CO
)
, Thieler; Stephen M.
(Boulder,
CO
)
Assignee:
AT&T Bell Laboratories
(Murray Hill,
NJ
)
Appl. No.:
636528
Filed:
December 31, 1990
Current U.S. Class:
370/409
370/410
370/469
Current International Class:
H04Q 11/04 (20060101)
Field of Search:
370/94.1,110.1,60,62,58.1,58.2,68.1 379/210,90,112
U.S. Patent Documents
4656623
April 1987
Dalby, Jr.
4764919
August 1988
Hunter et al.
4878216
October 1989
Yunoki
4894822
January 1990
Buhrke
4896319
January 1990
Lidinsky
4899333
February 1990
Roediger
4988209
January 1991
Davidson et al.
5016243
May 1991
Fite, Jr.
5023868
June 1991
Davison et al.
5036535
July 1991
Gechter et al.
5062103
October 1991
Davidson et al.
Other References
J C. Borum, "The 5ESS Switching System: Hardware Design", AT&T Technical Journal, vol. 64, No. 6 Part 2 (Jul.-Aug. 1985) pp. 1417-1437..~
Primary Examiner:
Olms; Douglas W.
Assistant Examiner:
Samuel; T.
Attorney, Agent or Firm:
Moran; John C.
Claims
We claim:
1. An apparatus for establishing a virtual link on a physical link interconnecting two communication units and said physical link having at least one physical signaling channel and a plurality of physical transport channels for communication of information and said physical link communicates signaling information on said signaling channel using a standard protocol to control calls on said transport channels, said apparatus comprising:
means for assigning transport channels from said physical link for use by said virtual link;
means for establishing a virtual signaling channel on one of said assigned transport channels in accordance with said standard protocol;
means for identifying said assigned transport channels and said virtual signaling channel as said virtual link; and
means for using said virtual link distinct from said physical link for the communications of calls.
2. The apparatus of claim 1 wherein said using means comprises means for directly controlling calls on said assigned transport channels by communicating signaling information on said virtual signaling channel utilizing said standard protocol distinct from said signaling information of said signaling channel of said physical link.
3. The apparatus of claim 2 wherein said standard protocol is the ISDN protocol.
4. The apparatus of claim 2 having a processor executing a plurality of software layers arranged in a hierarchical structure and said physical link directly controlled by the lowest software layers which are responsive to signaling information received from said signaling channel of said physical link to communicate said signaling information to an intermediate software layer and said establishing means comprises an application means in a highest software layer and said identifying means comprises a virtual link means in said lowest software layers;
said lowest software layers further responsive to encapsulated information received in said one of said assigned transport channels for communicating said encapsulated information to said application means;
said application means responsive to said encapsulated information from said one of said assigned transport channels for recovering said signaling information of said virtual signaling channel and for transferring that signaling information to said virtual link means; and
said virtual link means responsive to said signaling information of said virtual signaling channel for transferring said signaling information of said virtual signaling channel to said intermediate software layer in the same manner as said lowest software layers whereby said intermediate software layer responds as if said signaling information of said virtual signaling channel was signaling information from a signaling channel of another physical link.
5. The apparatus of claim 4 wherein said lowest software layers further responsive to other signaling information from said intermediate software layer designated for said signaling channel of said physical link for communicating that signaling information on said signaling channel of said physical link;
said virtual link means responsive to other signaling information for said virtual signaling channel from said intermediate software layer for receiving that information in the same manner as said lowest software layers and for transferring said other signaling information to said application means whereby said intermediate software layer responds as if said other signaling information of said virtual signaling channel was signaling information for said signaling channel of said other physical link;
said application means further responsive to said other signaling information received from said virtual link means for encapsulating that information for transmission on said one of said assigned transport channels and for transferring said encapsulated other information to said lowest software layers for transmission on said one of said assigned transport channels.
6. An apparatus for establishing a virtual link on a physical link interconnecting two communication units and said physical link having at least one physical signaling channel and a plurality of physical transport channels for communication of information and said physical link communicates signaling information on said signaling channel using a standard protocol to control calls on said transport channels, said apparatus comprising:
means for assigning transport channels from said physical link for use by said virtual link and for dividing one of said assigned transport channels into a plurality of subchannels;
means for establishing a virtual signaling channel on one of said subchannels in accordance with said standard protocol;
means for identifying said assigned transport channels, remaining ones of said subchannels, and said virtual signaling channel as said virtual link; and
means for using said virtual link distinct from said physical link for the communications of calls.
7. The apparatus of claim 6 wherein said using means comprises means for directly controlling calls on said assigned transport channels and said remaining ones of said subchannels by communicating signaling information on said virtual signaling channel utilizing said standard protocol distinct from said signaling information of said signaling channel of said physical link.
8. The apparatus of claim 7 wherein said standard protocol is the ISDN protocol.
9. The apparatus of claim 7 having a processor executing a plurality of software layers arranged in a hierarchical structure and said physical link directly controlled by the lowest software layers which are responsive to signaling information received from said signaling channel of said physical link to communicate said signaling information to an intermediate software layer and said establishing means comprises an application means in a highest software layer and said identifying means comprises a virtual link means in said lowest software layers;
said lowest software layers further responsive to encapsulated information received in said one of said subchannels for communicating said encapsulated information to said application means;
said application means responsive to said encapsulated information from said one of said subchannels for recovering said signaling information of said virtual signaling channel and for transferring that signaling information to said virtual link means; and
said virtual link means responsive to said signaling information of said virtual signaling channel for transferring said signaling information of said virtual signaling channel to said intermediate software layer in the same manner as said lowest software layers whereby said intermediate software layer responds as if said signaling information of said virtual signaling channel was signaling information from a signaling channel of another physical link.
10. The apparatus of claim 9 wherein said lowest software layers further responsive to other signaling information from said intermediate software layer designated for said signaling channel of said physical link for communicating that signaling information on said signaling channel of said physical link;
said virtual link means responsive to other signaling information for said virtual signaling channel from said intermediate software layer for receiving that information in the same manner as said lowest software layers and for transferring said other signaling information to said application means whereby said intermediate software layer responds as if said other signaling information of said virtual signaling channel was signaling information for said signaling channel of said other physical link;
said application means further responsive to said other signaling information received from said virtual link means for encapsulating that information for transmission on said one of said subchannels and for transferring said encapsulated other information to said lowest software layers for transmission on said one of said subchannels.
11. An apparatus for establishing a virtual link on a physical link interconnecting two communication units and said physical link having at least one physical signaling channel and a plurality of physical transport channels for communication of information and said physical link communicates signaling information on said signaling channel using a standard protocol to control calls on said transport channels and said signaling channel of said physical link comprises a plurality of logical links with one of said logical links designated to carry said signaling information for said physical link, said apparatus comprising:
means for assigning transport channels from said physical link for use by said virtual link;
means for establishing a virtual signaling channel on another one of said logical links of said signaling channel of said physical link in accordance with said standard protocol;
means for identifying said assigned transport channels and said virtual signaling channel as said virtual link; and
means for using said virtual link distinct from said physical link for the communications of calls.
12. The apparatus of claim 11 wherein said using means comprises means for directly controlling calls on said assigned transport channels by communicating signaling information on said virtual signaling channel utilizing said standard protocol distinct from said signaling information for said physical link carried by said one of said logical links.
13. The apparatus of claim 12 wherein said standard protocol is the ISDN protocol and said signaling channel is the D channel of a primary rate interface link or basic rate interface link and said other one of logical links is part of said D channel.
14. The apparatus of claim 12 having a processor executing a plurality of software layers arranged in a hierarchical structure and said physical link directly controlled by the lowest software layers which are responsive to signaling information received from said signaling channel of said physical link to communicate said signaling information to an intermediate software layer and said establishing means comprises an application means in a highest software layer and said identifying means comprises a virtual link means in said lowest software layers;
said lowest software layers further responsive to encapsulated information received on said other one of said logical links for communicating said encapsulated information to said application means;
said application means responsive to said encapsulated information from said other one of said logical links for recovering said signaling information of said virtual signaling channel and for transferring that signaling information to said virtual link means; and
said virtual link means responsive to said signaling information of said virtual signaling channel for transferring said signaling information of said virtual signaling channel to said intermediate software layer in the same manner as said lowest software layers whereby said intermediate software layer responds as if said signaling information of said virtual signaling channel was signaling information from a signaling channel of another physical link.
15. The apparatus of claim 14 wherein said lowest software layers further responsive to other signaling information from said intermediate software layer designated for said signaling channel of said physical link for communicating that signaling information on said signaling channel of said physical link;
said virtual link means responsive to other signaling information for said virtual signaling channel from said intermediate software layer for receiving that information in the same manner as said lowest software layers and for transferring said other signaling information to said application means whereby said intermediate software layer responds as if said other signaling information of said virtual signaling channel was signaling information for said signaling channel of said other physical link;
said application means further responsive to said other signaling information received from said virtual link means for encapsulating that information for transmission on said other one of said logical links and for transferring said encapsulated other information to said lowest software layers for transmission on said other one of said logical links.
16. An apparatus for establishing a virtual link on a physical link interconnecting two communication units and said physical link having at least one physical signaling channel and a plurality of physical transport channels for communication of information and said physical link communicates signaling information on said signaling channel using a standard protocol to control calls on said transport channels and said standard protocol allows for the communication of user information in said signaling channel of said physical link in addition to said signaling information, and said apparatus comprising:
means for assigning transport channels from said physical link for use by said virtual link;
means for establishing said virtual signaling channel using said communication of user information.
means for identifying said assigned transport channels and said virtual signaling channel as said virtual link; and
means for using said virtual link distinct from said physical link for the communications of calls.
17. The apparatus of claim 16 wherein said using means comprises means for directly controlling calls on said assigned transport channels by communicating signaling information on said virtual signaling channel utilizing said standard protocol.
18. The apparatus of claim 17 wherein said standard protocol is the ISDN protocol.
19. The apparatus of claim 17 having a processor executing a plurality of software layers arranged in a hierarchical structure and said physical link directly controlled by the lowest software layers which are responsive to signaling information received from said signaling channel of said physical link to communicate said signaling information to an intermediate software layer and said establishing means comprises an application means in a highest software layer and said identifying means comprises a virtual link means in said lowest software layers;
said intermediate software layer responsive to encapsulated information received by said communication of user information for communicating said encapsulated information to said application means;
said application means responsive to said encapsulated information from said communication of user information for recovering said signaling information of said virtual signaling channel and for transferring that signaling information to said virtual link means; and
said virtual link means responsive to said signaling information of said virtual signaling channel for transferring said signaling information of said virtual signaling channel to said intermediate software layer in the same manner as said lowest software layers whereby said intermediate software layer responds as if said signaling information of said virtual signaling channel was signaling information from a signaling channel of another physical link.
20. The apparatus of claim 19 wherein said lowest software layers further responsive to other signaling information from said intermediate software layer designated for said signaling channel of said physical link for communicating that signaling information on said signaling channel of said physical link;
said virtual link means responsive to other signaling information for said virtual signaling channel from said intermediate software layer for receiving that information in the same manner as said lowest software layers and for transferring said other signaling information to said application means whereby said intermediate software layer responds as if said other signaling information of said virtual signaling channel was signaling information for said signaling channel of said other physical link;
said application means further responsive to said other signaling information received from said virtual link means for encapsulating that information for transmission by said communication of user information and for transferring said encapsulated other information to said intermediate software layer for transmission by said communication of user information.
21. The apparatus of claim 20 wherein said user information is communicated in information elements grouped in codeset 7.
22. The apparatus of claim 20 wherein said user information is communicated in user-user information elements of codeset 0.
23. The apparatus of claim 20 wherein said user information is communicated in information elements grouped in codeset 6.
24. An apparatus for establishing a virtual link on an ISDN link interconnecting two communications units, said apparatus comprising:
means for assigning physical B channels from said ISDN link for use by said virtual link;
means for establishing a virtual signaling channel on one of said assigned B channels in accordance with the ISDN protocol;
means for identifying said assigned B channels and said virtual signaling channel as said virtual link; and
means for using said virtual link distinct from said ISDN link for the communications of calls.
25. The apparatus of claim 24 wherein said using means comprises means for directly controlling calls on said assigned B channels by communicating signaling information on said virtual signaling channel utilizing said ISDN protocol distinct from said signaling information on the D channel of said ISDN link.
26. The apparatus of claim 24 having a processor executing a plurality of software layers arranged in a hierarchical structure and said ISDN link directly controlled by the lowest software layers which are responsive to signaling information received from said D channel to communicate said signaling information to an intermediate software layer and said establishing means comprises an application means in a highest software layer and said identifying means comprises a virtual link means in said lowest software layers;
said lowest software layers further responsive to encapsulated information received in said one of said assigned B channels for communicating said encapsulated information to said application means;
said application means responsive to said encapsulated information from said one of said assigned B channels for recovering said signaling information of said virtual signaling channel and for transferring that signaling information to said virtual link means; and
said virtual link means responsive to said signaling information of said virtual signaling channel for transferring said signaling information of said virtual signaling channel to said intermediate software layer in the same manner as said lowest software layers whereby said intermediate software layer responds as if said signaling information of said virtual signaling channel was signaling information from a D channel of another ISDN link.
27. The apparatus of claim 26 wherein said lowest software layers further responsive to other signaling information from said intermediate software layer designated for said D channel of said ISDN link for communicating that signaling information on said D channel of said ISDN link;
said virtual link means responsive to other signaling information for said virtual signaling channel from said intermediate software layer for receiving that information in the same manner as said lowest software layers and for transferring that information to said application means whereby said intermediate software layer responds as if said other signaling information of said virtual signaling channel was other signaling information for said D channel of said other ISDN link;
said application means further responsive to said other signaling information received from said virtual link means for encapsulating that information for transmission on said one of said assigned B channels and for transferring said encapsulated other information to said lowest software layers for transmission on said one of said assigned B channels.
28. An apparatus for establishing a virtual link on an ISDN link interconnecting two communication units, said apparatus comprising:
means for assigning B channels from said ISDN link for use by said virtual link;
means for establishing a virtual signaling channel on one of the logical links of the D channel in accordance with the ISDN protocol;
means for identifying said assigned B channels and said virtual signaling channel as said virtual link; and
means for using said virtual link distinct from said ISDN link for the communications of calls.
29. The apparatus of claim 28 wherein said using mean comprises means for directly controlling calls on said assigned B channels by communicating signaling information on said virtual signaling utilizing said ISDN protocol distinct from said signaling information controlling of said ISDN link.
30. An apparatus for establishing a virtual link on an ISDN link interconnecting two telecommunication units, said apparatus comprising:
means for assigning physical B channels from said ISDN link for use by said virtual link;
means for establishing a virtual signaling channel as user information communicated by signaling information transmitted via a physical signaling channel of said ISDN link in accordance with the ISDN protocol;
means for identifying said assigned B channels and said virtual signaling channel as said virtual link; and
means for using said virtual link distinct from said ISDN link for the communications of calls.
31. The apparatus of claim 30 wherein said using means comprises means for directly controlling calls on said assigned B channels by communicating signaling information on said virtual signaling channel.
32. An method for establishing a virtual link on a physical link interconnecting two communication units and said physical link having at least one signaling channel and a plurality of transport channels for communication of information and said physical link communicates signaling information on said signaling channel using a standard protocol to control calls on said transport channels, said method comprising the steps of:
assigning transport channels from said physical link for use by said virtual link;
establishing a virtual signaling channel in accordance with said standard protocol;
identifying said assigned transport channels and said virtual signaling channel as said virtual link; and
using said virtual link distinct from said physical link for the communications of calls.
33. The method of claim 32 wherein said using step comprises the steps of directly controlling calls on said assigned transport channels by communicating signaling information on said virtual signaling channel utilizing said standard protocol distinct from said signaling information of said signaling channel of said physical link.
34. The method of claim 33 wherein said standard protocol is the ISDN protocol.
35. The method of claim 33 wherein said establishing step establishes said virtual signaling channel on one of said assigned transport channels.
36. The method of claim 35 having a processor executing a plurality of software layers arranged in a hierarchical structure and with an application software module in a highest software layer and an virtual link software module in lowest software layers, said physical link directly controlled by said lowest software layers, said using step comprising the steps of
communicating encapsulated information to said application software module by said lowest software layers in response to said encapsulated information received in said one of said assigned transport channels;
recovering said signaling information of said virtual signaling channel and transferring that signaling information to said virtual link software module by said application software module in response to said encapsulated information from said one of said assigned transport channels; and
transferring said signaling information of said virtual signaling channel to said intermediate software layer in the same manner as said lowest software layers by said virtual link software module in response to said signaling information of said virtual signaling channel, whereby said intermediate software layer responds as if said signaling information of said virtual signaling channel was signaling information from a signaling channel of another physical link.
37. The method of claim 36 wherein said using step further comprising the steps of
communicating other signaling information designated for said signaling channel of said physical link from said intermediate software layer on said signaling channel of said physical link by said lowest software layers in response to that signaling information;
receiving other signaling information designated for said virtual signaling channel from said intermediate software layer in the same manner as said lowest software layers and transferring that information to said application software module by said virtual link software module in response to that information, whereby said intermediate software layer responds as if said other signaling information of said virtual signaling channel was signaling information for said signaling channel of said other physical link; and
encapsulating said other signaling information received from said virtual link software module for transmission on said one of said assigned transport channels and transferring said encapsulated other information to said lowest software layers for transmission on said one of said assigned transport channels by said application software module in response to that information.
38. The method of claim 33 wherein said establishing step comprises the step of dividing one of said assigned channels into subchannels and establishing said virtual signaling channel on one of said subchannels.
39. The method of claim 38 having a processor executing a plurality of software layers arranged in a hierarchical structure and with an application software module in a highest software layer and an virtual link software module in lowest software layers, said physical link directly controlled by said lowest software layers, said using step comprising the steps of
communicating encapsulated information to said application software module by said lowest software layers in response to said encapsulated information received in said one of said subchannels;
recovering said signaling information of said virtual signaling channel and transferring that signaling information to said virtual link software module by said application software module in response to said encapsulated information from said one of said subchannels; and
transferring said signaling information of said virtual signaling channel to said intermediate software layer in the same manner as said lowest software layers by said virtual link software module in response to said signaling information of said virtual signaling channel, whereby said intermediate software layer responds as if said signaling information of said virtual signaling channel was signaling information from a signaling channel of another physical link.
40. The method of claim 39 wherein said using step further comprising the steps of
communicating other signaling information designated for said signaling channel of said physical link from said intermediate software layer on said signaling channel of said physical link by said lowest software layers in response to that signaling information;
receiving other signaling information designated for said virtual signaling channel from said intermediate software layer in the same manner as said lowest software layers and transferring that information to said application software module by said virtual link software module in response to that information, whereby said intermediate software layer responds as if said other signaling information of said virtual signaling channel was signaling information for said signaling channel of said other physical link; and
encapsulating said other signaling information received from said virtual link software module for transmission on said one of said subchannels and transferring said encapsulated other information to said lowest software layers for transmission on said one of said subchannels by said application software module in response to that information.
41. The method of claim 33 wherein said signaling channel of said physical link comprises a plurality of logical links with one of said logical links designated to carry said signaling information for said physical link and said establishing step establishes said virtual signaling channel on another one of said logical links.
42. The method of claim 41 having a processor executing a plurality of software layers arranged in a hierarchical structure and with an application software module in a highest software layer and an virtual link software module in lowest software layers, said physical link directly controlled by said lowest software layers, said using step comprising the steps of
communicating encapsulated information to said application software module by said lowest software layers in response to said encapsulated information received in said other one of said logical links;
recovering said signaling information of said virtual signaling channel and transferring that signaling information to said virtual link software module by said application software module in response to said encapsulated information from said other one of said logical links; and
transferring said signaling information of said virtual signaling channel to said intermediate software layer in the same manner as said lowest software layers by said virtual link software module in response to said signaling information of said virtual signaling channel, whereby said intermediate software layer responds as if said signaling information of said virtual signaling channel was signaling information from a signaling channel of another physical link.
43. The method of claim 42 wherein said using step further comprising the steps of
communicating other signaling information designated for said signaling channel of said physical link from said intermediate software layer on said signaling channel of said physical link by said lowest software layers in response to that signaling information;
receiving other signaling information designated for said virtual signaling channel from said intermediate software layer in the same manner as said lowest software layers and transferring that information to said application software module by said virtual link software module in response to that information, whereby said intermediate software layer responds as if said other signaling information of said virtual signaling channel was signaling information for said signaling channel of said other physical link; and
encapsulating said other signaling information received from said virtual link software module for transmission on said other one of said logical links and transferring said encapsulated other information to said lowest software layers for transmission on said other one of said logical links by said application software module in response to that information.
44. The method of claim 32 wherein said standard protocol allows for the communication of user information in said signaling channel of said physical link in addition to said signaling information and said establishing step establishes said virtual signaling channel using said communication of user information.
45. The method of claim 44 having a processor executing a plurality of software layers arranged in a hierarchical structure and with an application software module in a highest software and an virtual link software module in lowest software layers, said physical link directly controlled by said lowest software layers, said using step comprising the steps of
communicating encapsulated information to said application software module by said lowest software layers in response to said encapsulated information received as said user information;
recovering said signaling information of said virtual signaling channel and transferring that signaling information to said virtual link software module by said application software module in response to said encapsulated information by said communication of said user information; and
transferring said signaling information of said virtual signaling channel to said intermediate software layer in the same manner as said lowest software layers by said virtual link software module in response to said signaling information of said virtual signaling channel, whereby said intermediate software layer responds as if said signaling information of said virtual signaling channel was signaling information from a signaling channel of another physical link.
46. The method of claim 45 wherein said using step further comprising the steps of
communicating other signaling information designated for said signaling channel of said physical link from said intermediate software layer on said signaling channel of said physical link by said lowest software layers in response to that signaling information;
receiving other signaling information designated for said virtual signaling channel from said intermediate software layer in the same manner as said lowest software layers and transferring that information to said application software module by said virtual link software module in response to that information, whereby said intermediate software layer responds as if said other signaling information of said virtual signaling channel was signaling information for said signaling channel of said other physical link; and
encapsulating said other signaling information received from said virtual link software module for transmission as said user information and transferring said encapsulated other information to said lowest software layers for transmission as said user information by said application software module in response to that information.
Description
TECHNICAL FIELD
This invention relates to communication switching systems and, in particular, to the communication of call control information.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
ISDN signaling is defined by the ISDN standard Q.931 and is intended to provide an international standard to control the initiation of calls, progress of calls, termination of calls, communication of national use information, local serving network information, and user-specific information for telecommunications systems and terminals. The ISDN standard defines two standard links: (1) primary rate interface (PRI) links, each having 23 data channels (B channels) and one signaling channel (D channel), and (2) basic rate interface (BRI) links, each having two B channels and one D channel. The ISDN message format allows each message to have a number of information elements, IEs, and groups IEs by codesets. There are eight possible codesets, numbered 0-7. Codeset 0 is the currently defined set of information elements and includes IEs that control the initialization, maintenance, and termination of calls. Codesets 1-4 are reserved for future ISDN standard Q.931 expansion. Codeset 5 is for national use; codeset 6 is for IEs specific to the local serving network; and codeset 7 is for user-specific IEs.
In a system having a plurality of switching nodes, a characteristic of ISDN signaling is that each intervening switching node in the signaling path (which comprises a number of standard links) must process messages communicating the signaling information since each intervening switching node terminates the signaling channel. This characteristic creates three major problems.
First, each intervening switching node processes and interprets all IEs (codeset 0) relating to control of initiation, progress, and termination of calls. The result is that terminal equipment cannot be transparently remoted (not directly connected) from a controlling switching node through intervening switching nodes using standard links if standard signaling is used for call control. Nor can two switching nodes transparently exchange control information if there are intervening switching nodes. Terminal equipment can only be remoted and switching nodes can only directly exchange control information if non-standard signaling is used for call control or dedicated links are used. However, non-standard signaling requires that both switching nodes and controlled terminal equipment function differently than if the controlled terminal equipment was directly connected to the controlling switching node or the two switching nodes were directly connected to each other.
The second problem is that if standard signaling is used, the transmission rate of the signaling information is greatly reduced because of the need to process that information in each intervening switching node.
And finally, a large additional processing load is placed on the intervening switching nodes.
As was previously described, the ISDN standard intends for terminal equipment to be directly controlled via the signaling channel by the local switching node to which the terminal equipment is attached since any intervening switching node processes and interprets all IEs performing call control. Hence, although the ISDN standard is adequate for most types of telecommunications applications, this standard suffers from serious problems when it is desirable to remote terminal equipment from a controlling switching node through another switching node such as a public network. In order to implement such remote applications, the remote terminal equipment must function in a different manner if standard ISDN call control signaling is not used, or dedicated links must be used if ISDN call control signaling is used.
The most disadvantageous result of using standard signaling without dedicated links is that the remote terminal equipment cannot be utilized in the same manner as terminal equipment directly connected to the controlling switching node. There are however many applications where it is desirable, in fact, to allow remote equipment to have the same capabilities that it would have if it were directly connected to the controlling switching node. One such example is where the controlling switching node is a PBX, and it is desirable to control a small number of telephones at a remote location. Because of the distance involved, it is often desirable to connect this terminal equipment to the PBX via the public network. Office personnel operating procedures make it desirable for the users of the remote terminal equipment to be provided the same functions as the users of terminal equipment directly connected to the PBX. For a small number of remote users, it is not economical to put a switching system at the remote location capable of terminating a PRI link and switching the channels from this link to the users. Another application is the need in the telemarketing business to be able to place a remote telemarketing terminal in a private home and to connect that terminal to a controlling switching node via the public network and a BRI link.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
In a telecommunications switching system, a technical advancement is achieved by an apparatus and method that establish a new type of link on a standard link. This link is referred to as a flexible rate interface (FRI) link or as a virtual link. The FRI link has its own signaling channel distinct from the signaling channel of the standard link and is transparent to intervening switching systems. A standard protocol is utilized on the signaling channels of both the standard link and the FRI link. In a preferred embodiment, the standard link may be an ISDN link and the standard protocol is the ISDN protocol.
Advantageously, the FRI signaling channel of the FRI link may be established by using any of the following: a B channel of a standard ISDN link, a subchannel of a B channel of a standard ISDN link, a logical link of a D channel of a standard ISDN link, or standard ISDN user information transport facilities. For all four methods of communication, the FRI signaling information is transparent to the intervening switching systems.
In the preferred embodiment, the FRI link is established by a switching system on a standard ISDN link which is terminated on an ISDN interface connected to the switching system. On the standard ISDN link, the signaling channel is communicated in a D channel of a standard ISDN link, and the transport channels are B channels of a standard ISDN link. A processor controlling the switching system sets up a FRI signaling channel on the standard ISDN link for use by the FRI link and establishes the standard ISDN protocol on that FRI signaling channel. (The FRI signaling channel is also referred to as the virtual signaling channel.) The processor utilizes the FRI link and the standard ISDN link as two distinct links. B channels from the standard ISDN link are reserved for use with the FRI link. The processor communicates signaling information on the FRI signaling channel to perform all call control on calls being set up or active on the transport channels assigned to the FRI link. The signaling information communicated on the FRI signaling channel is distinct from the signaling information of the signaling channel of the ISDN interface which controls all calls on the unassigned transport channels of the ISDN interface.
The processor executes a plurality of software layers arranged in a hierarchical structure. This structure processes signaling information for controlling a standard ISDN link in the following manner. The ISDN interface terminating the ISDN link is directly controlled by lower software layers. These lower software layers respond to signaling information received from the signaling channel of the ISDN interface to communicate the signaling information to an intermediate software layer (network software layer). The network software layer terminates the ISDN protocol and communicates information concerning the ISDN link with higher software layers. In contrast, the processor implements the FRI link by using an application software module in the highest software layer and a virtual link software module that simulates the functions of the lower software layers. If the FRI signaling channel is being communicated by a B channel, a subchannel of a B channel, or a logical link of the D channel, the lower software layers respond to encapsulated information (conveying the FRI signaling channel) which is received via the ISDN link, to communicate that encapsulated information to the application software module. The latter module converts the encapsulated information into FRI signaling information and transfers the FRI signaling information to the virtual link software module. The virtual link software module transfers the FRI signaling information to the network software layer in the same manner as the lower software layers transfer signaling information from the signaling channel of the ISDN link to the network software layer.
When the network software layer has signaling information to transmit on the signaling channel of the ISDN link, the network software layer transfers the signaling information to the lower software layers which communicate the signaling information on the signaling channel of the ISDN link. However, when the network software layer has signaling information to be transmitted on the FRI signaling channel of the FRI link, the network software layer transfers the FRI signaling information to the virtual link software module. The virtual link software module receives the FRI signaling information in the same manner as the lower software layers but transfers the FRI signaling information to the application software module which encapsulates the FRI signaling channel information. The application software module transfers the encapsulated information to the lower software layers via the software hierarchical structure for transmission.
Other and further aspects of the present invention will become apparent during the course of the following description and by reference to the accompanying drawing.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWING
FIG. 1 illustrates, in block diagram form, a telecommunications switching system embodying the inventive concept;
FIG. 2 illustrates a software architecture in accordance with the invention;
FIG. 3 illustrates, in block diagram form, the relationship between the software architecture and hardware elements illustrated in FIG. 1;
FIG. 4 logically illustrates the signaling and transport paths that are set up within a switching node;
FIG. 5 logically illustrates a process for establishing a physical interface;
FIG. 6 logically illustrates a process for establishing a FRI link;
FIG. 7 illustrates a software architecture for a link interface;
FIGS. 8 through 10 illustrate, in greater detail, the software architecture for a link interface;
FIGS. 11 and 12 illustrate, in greater detail, a software architecture for a network layer; and
FIGS. 13 and 14 illustrate other embodiments of the invention.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
System and FRI Overview
FIG. 1 shows a communications system having a plurality of switching nodes and a public network for communication of information between a plurality of telephones, BRI station sets, and telemarketing terminals. Switching nodes 101, 161, 162, and
163, and BRI remote station set 107, and remote telemarketing terminal 104 function in accordance with the present invention. For illustration purposes only, public network 102 is illustrated as comprising only central office 160; however, public network 102 can include a variety of central offices and toll offices interconnected by the appropriate trunks.
In FIG. 1, switching node 101 directly controls the operation of local telemarketing terminals 109 through 110 via BRI links 120 through 121, respectively, and directly controls the operation of BRI station set 108 via BRI link 122. In accordance with the invention, switching node 101 communicates standard ISDN control information via a flexible rate interface (FRI) link, hereafter described. Using the FRI link, switching node 101 controls the operations of remote telemarketing terminal 104 and BRI remote station set 107 from a software architectural point of view in the same manner as it controls the operation of local telemarketing terminals 109 through 110 and BRI station set 108. Specifically, FRI links are established using the B channels in PRI link 123, central office 160, BRI link 126 and BRI link 129. Switching node 101 communicates information to remote telemarketing terminal 104 and BRI remote station set 107 via the FRI links rather than the D channels of PRI link 123 and BRI links 126 and 129. At the same time, switching node 101 communicates with central office 160 standard ISDN signaling information in the D channels of the PRI and BRI links. Central office 160 translates the signaling information from switching node 101 and directly controls the operations of BRI station set 105 and telephone 106 in a conventional ISDN manner. Switching nodes 161, 162, and 163 also have BRI station sets and local telemarketing terminals connected to them via BRI links. In certain cases, switching nodes 161, 162, and 163 communicate with central office 160 via switching node 101 and other switching nodes. For example, switching node 163 communicates with central office 160 via switching nodes 101 and 162. Switching nodes 161, 162, and 163 are similar to switching node 101 in both hardware and software.
The telemarketing terminals illustrated in FIG. 1 are similar in function to the Call Master 602A telemarketing terminal manufactured by AT&T. BRI station sets 105 and 108 are advantageously the AT&T 7507 station set. BRI remote station set 107
performs functions identical to those of the other BRI station sets but operates in accordance with the present invention. Similarly, remote telemarketing terminal 104 performs functions identical to those of other telemarketing terminals but performs these functions in accordance with the present invention.
A call processing application software module in switching node 101 performs call processing in the same manner for both BRI station sets 108 and 107. Similarly, a telemarketing application software module within switching node 101 performs the telemarketing functions in the same manner for local telemarketing terminals 109 through 110 and remote telemarketing terminal 104. Those telemarketing functions may be advantageously similar to automatic call directory (ACD) functions performed by a commercial private telecommunication system such as the AT&T Definity Generic 2 CS. Both software modules are written so that no distinction is made between a BRI station set (or telemarketing terminal) directly connected to switching node 101 or remotely connected via central office 160. Consequently, a user of BRI remote station set 107 is provided all of the capabilities that a user of BRI station set 108 has on switching node 101. These capabilities are important since switching node 101
may advantageously be a private telecommunications system providing elaborate features. The remote user is capable of performing his/her job in a more efficient manner than if he/she were using a telephone set for which a communication path had been established to switching node 101 via central office 160 using conventional call setup procedures.
To better understand the call capabilities provided by a FRI link, consider the following example of a normal ISDN call set up being performed by switching node 101 and central office 160 to establish a call between BRI station set 108 and BRI station set 105. Switching node 101 responds to signaling information that identifies BRI station 105 as the destination--that information is being received from BRI station set 108 via D channel 148--by exchanging the standard ISDN protocol messages with central office 160 via D channel 130 of PRI link 123. During call establishment, central office 160 transmits to BRI station set 105 call alerting and call setup messages via D channel 141 of BRI link 127. BRI station set 105 interacts with central office 160 to extend the call from PRI link 123 to BRI station set 105 via BRI link 127. Switching node 101 performs call establishment functions for BRI station set 108 that are similar to the functions which central office 160 performs for BRI station set 105.
As central office 160 receives signaling information via D channel 130 from switching node 101, central office 160 processes these messages to determine what function is to be performed as well as how that function is to be performed. Because of this processing of messages by central office 160, switching node 101 is limited in the manner in which it can deal with BRI station set 105. Specifically, the call processing application software module on switching node 101 cannot treat BRI station set 105 as if it were directly connected. The software module must set up calls through central office 160 as if BRI station set 105 were similar to analog telephone 106. For example, switching node 101 cannot provide a standard business communications feature such as intercom calling on BRI station set 105 because central office 160 is intervening. In order to provide such a feature, switching node 101 must directly communicate signaling information with BRI station set 105 as if the latter set were directly connected to switching node 101. It is this problem that the present invention solves as detailed in the following paragraphs with respect to BRI remote station set 107.
In accordance with the invention and in contradistinction to the foregoing call set-up example, control information is directly communicated between switching node 101 and BRI remote station set 107 via a FRI link. The FRI link comprises one FRI D channel and two B channels in direct analogy to the two B channels and one D channel of an ISDN BRI link. There are four embodiments for the FRI link, with the first embodiment being described here and the other three embodiments in later paragraphs. The first embodiment of the FRI link is established using B channels 146 and 147 of BRI link 129 and B channels 131 and 132 of PRI link 123. B channel 146 is subdivided into two subchannels, one of which is a packetized and serves as the FRI D channel and the other of which serves as one of the FRI B channels. B channel 147 serves as the other FRI B channel. Illustratively, the FRI B and FRI D channels supported by B channel 146 carry compressed voice and signaling information, respectively. B channels 146 and 147 are switched through central office 160 from BRI remote station set 107 to switching node 101 via B channels 131 and 132 of PRI link 123. That is, B channel 131 carries the FRI D channel and one FRI B channel while B channel 132
carries one other FRI B channel. Since signaling information for the FRI link is communicated on a B channel, central office 160 doesn't respond to that information but simply circuit switches the signaling information as if it were voice data. (D channels 130 and 145 are only used to establish the connection of the two B channels from BRI remote station set 107 to switching node 101 via central office 160.)
Consider the following example of switching node 101 initializing a FRI link to allow the operation of BRI remote station set 107. First, switching node 101 negotiates with central office 160 via an exchange of messages over D channel 130 for access to two B channels, assumed to be B channels 131 and 132. Switching node 101 accomplishes this task by transmitting standard ISDN messages to central office 160 to establish a call to BRI remote station set 107. Central office 160 exchanges standard ISDN messages with BRI remote station set 107 via D channel 145 to extend the call to BRI remote station set 107. After alerting and connecting BRI remote station set 107, central office 160 connects B channels 131 and 132 of PRI link 123 to B channels 146 and 147 of BRI link 129, respectively. Switching node 101 time multiplexes B channel 131 by inserting and receiving control information into and out of half of this channel (to create the FRI D channel) and compressed voice information into and out of the other half (to create one of the FRI B channels). In response to the call from switching node 101, BRI remote station set 107 also multiplexes B channel 146 in the same manner as switching node 101 multiplexed B channel 131 to create the FRI D and FRI B channels.
After establishment of the FRI link, BRI remote station set 107 responds to the signaling information of the FRI D channel in the same manner as BRI station set 105 responds to signaling information of D channel 141 from central office 160. After the establishment of this FRI link, switching node 101 and BRI remote station set 107 exchange standard ISDN messages via the FRI D channel to set up B channel 147 for the communication of data by terminal 112. Once this has been established, switching node 101 treats BRI remote station set 107 and terminal 112 as if they were directly connected to switching node 101.
An example of a communication path using the FRI link is the establishment of a call between BRI remote station set 107 and telephone 106. This communication path is from BRI remote station set 107 to switching node 101 via the FRI link, from switching node 101 to central office 160 via a B channel in PRI link 124, and from central office 160 to telephone 106 via telephone line 128. For such a call, central office 160 performs all the necessary signaling with respect to telephone 106 via telephone line 128; and switching node 101 performs all necessary signaling with respect to BRI remote terminal 107 via the FRI D channel.
Similarly, switching node 101 can communicate with central office 160 to establish a FRI link with remote telemarketing terminal 104. Switching node 101 performs the initial signaling to central office 160 over D channel 130, and central office
160 performs similar signaling with remote telemarketing terminal 104 over D channel 138 of BRI link 126. After establishment of a call, two B channels of PRI link 123 (illustratively channels 134 and 135) are interconnected via central office 160 to B channels 139 and 140, respectively, of BRI link 126. B channel 139 is a multiplex channel carrying the FRI D channel and a FRI B channel communicating the compressed voice. After establishment of this FRI link, remote telemarketing terminal 104 is handled in the same manner by the telemarketing application software in switching node 101 as local telemarketing terminals 109 through 110.
It should also be noted that BRI remote station set 107 or remote telemarketing terminal 104 can also similarly initiate the establishment of the FRI link with switching node 101 via central office 160.
There are no geographical restrictions on the locations of remote telemarketing terminal 104 or BRI remote station set 107. Indeed, they do not have to be located on the same continent. For a FRI link, there is no requirement that all the B channels within PRI link 123 (which are interconnected to the B channels of BRI link 129) be contiguously numbered since central office 160 performs the necessary switching operations. Indeed, it is unnecessary for the B channels to be within the same PRI link. For example, one B channel could be utilized from PRI link 123 and another from PRI link 124.
Software Architecture
FIG. 2 illustrates the software architecture of the switching nodes and remote terminals of FIG. 1. This architecture is based on the conventional OSI model modified to implement the ISDN protocol. In accordance with the invention as described herein, certain further modifications have been made to the standard model in order to accomplish the expansion of ISDN capabilities to include the FRI capabilties of the invention. Looking ahead, it will be seen that encapsulated FRI D channel information communicated on a packetized subchannel of a B channel enters the software structure at a low software layer and is immediately communicated to the highest software layer, where the FRI D channel information is recovered and reinserted into an intermediate layer that processes all D channel information. By reinserting the FRI D channel information, the various functions controlling the FRI link can be carried out by higher software layers in a transparent manner that is the same as if those software layers were processing D channel information from a PRI or BRI link. Similarly, D channel information from those software layers for the FRI D channel is transferred from the intermediate software layer to the highest software layer which encapsulates it and communicates the encapsulated FRI D channel information to the low software layer for transmission on the packetized subchannel.
In order to lay the groundwork for these operations, it is useful to describe the various software layers of the software architecture.
The principal function of physical layer 201 is to terminate physical links. Specifically, physical layer 201 is responsible for maintaining physical channels and for controlling physical subchannels thereon. Physical layer 201 comprises a software portion and physical interfaces. Further, the software portion of physical layer 201 is responsible for the direct control of the physical interfaces to which physical links communicating PRI and BRI information terminate. Physical layer 201
presents to link layer 212 physical subchannels and physical channels as entities controllable by link layer 212.
The primary function of link layer 212 is to assure that the information transmitted over a physical channel is recovered intact and in the correct order. This is accomplished using another layer of protocol which allows multiple communication paths--commonly referred to as logical links--to be established on a given physical channel or a physical subchannel communicating packetized data. These logical links are used to identify and process data being communicated between link layer 212 and physical layer 201. (An example of this type of protocol is the LAPD packet protocol used in ISDN Q.921. In the ISDN standard, link layer 212 terminates the LAPD protocol.) Link layer 212 can support multiple protocols so that the upper layers are uneffected by the different protocols being utilized. Further, link layer 212 allows higher software layers to control physical layer 201 in an abstract manner.
As seen in FIG. 2, link layer 212 is divided into link interface 202 and link management 203. The reason for this division is set forth herein below. It will be helpful at this point to discuss the communication of ISDN signals over a D channel to help readers, for example, who have only a rudimentary knowledge of the communication of ISDN signals over a D channel. At link layer 212, a plurality of logical links is established on a D channel. Only one of these logical links communicates ISDN control signals, and this logical link is referred to herein as a logical D channel (LDC). The LDC is identified by a logical D channel number (LDCN). In the previous example, it was the LDC of D channel 152 that switching node 101 used to control local telemarketing terminal 109. The other logical links within a D channel have other uses which are explained in connection with FIG. 4.
Link interface 202 does the majority of the functions performed by link layer 212, including the establishment of the logical links. Link management 203 identifies the various link interfaces for higher software layers. Further, link management communicates information between the logical links and higher software layers.
Network layer 204 processes information communicated on the LDCs, and thereby terminates the ISDN Q.931protocol. Hence, this layer is responsible for negotiating the utilization of system resources for the termination or origination of calls external to a switching node or remote terminal. The network layer controls the allocation of channels on an interface on which a call is being received or set up. For example, if switching node 101 receives a call from central office 160 via PRI link
125, network layer 204 of switching node 101 negotiates with its peer layer (the corresponding network layer 204 in central office 160) in order to obtain allocation of a B channel in PRI link 125--a procedure later to be repeated if a second B channel is desired. This negotiation is carried out using standard ISDN Q.931messages such as the call setup and connection messages via the LDC set up on the D channel of PRI link 125. Network layer 204 identifies all B channels of given interface with the LDC for that interface. Network layer 204 is only concerned with the establishment of a call from one point to another point (e.g., node to node). The network layer is not concerned with how a call is routed internally to a particular switching node but rather transfers information up to higher layers for the determination of how a call is routed in the switching node. However, the network layer does request that one application, referred to here and below as the connection manager application, add or remove facilities on a physical interface to a switch connection within a switching node.
Specifically, the network layer carries out call setup by first determining that the request for the establishment of a call is valid and that the resources between the two switching systems are available to handle this call. After this determination, information concerning the call is transferred to higher software layers. The reverse is true when the network layer receives a request from the higher software layers to establish a connection with another switching node or terminal.
Network layer 204 receives information from another node or terminal concerning a call via a LDC. As information is received on the LDC, a call reference number is utilized to identify the call associated with this message. The call reference number is selected by the originating network layer during call set up in accordance with the ISDN standard. Details of this identification are given with respect to FIG. 4.
Transport layer 205, is the key element that allows the routing of a call through a complex system having multiple nodes as illustrated in FIG. 1. Its primary function is to manage the routing of calls externally, i.e., between switching nodes. Transport layer 205 views the system of FIG. 1 in terms of nodes and is concerned with routing calls from its own node to other nodes or endpoints. (As explained in the detailed discussion of session layer 206, that layer, not transport layer 205, interprets logical destination information, such as a telephone number, to determine the destination node of a call and to establish an intra-node path by using the connection manager application.) In an overall system comprising multiple switching nodes such as switching node 101, the various transport layers communicate with each other in order to establish a call through the various switching nodes. This communication between transport layers is necessary because it may be necessary to route the call through intervening nodes to reach the destination node. The transport layers communicate among themselves utilizing signaling paths (LDCs) established between switching nodes.
With respect to inter-node routing, transport layer 205 is the first layer that starts to take a global view of the overall system illustrated in FIG. 1. Transport layer 205 uses information provided by session layer 206 to select the inter-node path. The transport layer performs its task of routing between various nodes by the utilization of tables defining the available paths and the options on those paths.
Communication between transport layers is done by network layer 204 using established LDCs. Transport layer 205 communicates information destined for its peers to network layer 204, and network layer 204 packages this information within the information elements, IEs, of standard ISDN Q.931 messages. Network layer 204 uses the LDC that has been set up to a particular node to communicate this information to its peer network layer. Similarly, when another network layer receives information of this type, the other network layer unpackages information and then directs the information to the transport layer.
The primary function of session layer 206 is to establish communication between endpoints with all endpoints considered to be applications including, for example, a BRI telephone. Significantly, in the present context these endpoints are applications such as the application performing the telemarketing features. In any event, connections between such endpoints is considered to be a call. A session is set up by session layer 206 any time two applications require communication with each other. As noted earlier, session layer 206 deals only in terms of switching nodes or terminals and applications on those switching nodes or terminals and relies on transport layer 205 to establish paths to other switching nodes. Session layer 206
identifies the called application by an address which previously in telecommunication was thought of as only a telephone number but has a much broader concept in the Q.931 protocol. From the address, session layer 206 determines the destination switching node. Session layer 206 sets up a call to the destination switching node by communicating with the session layer of the destination switching node. The communication with the other session layer is accomplished by having the session layer request its transport layer to place a call to the other switching node so that a connection can be made for a particular address. These requests are done using the network layer to generate standard ISDN Q.931 call setup messages. If the other switching node cannot interpret the address, the session layer of that switching node transmits information to its transport layer requesting that the call be dropped. If the session layer can interpret the address, it sends a message to its transport layer requesting that a call proceeding message be transmitted by its network layer back to the requesting switching node.
Presentation layer 207 of FIG. 2 invokes a complex protocol in order to groom the information being communicated between applications so that the applications are totally divorced from the protocol used to communicate the information. A presentation level protocol allows an application to communicate with a peer application across a transport path.
Finally, application layer 208 manages the resources needed by the applications running at layer 209. When an application at level 209 is communicating with another peer application, the application is unaware of how many other applications exist or where these other applications are located. It is the function of application layer 208 to determine and use such details, consequently allowing the applications to be written in a very abstract manner. At applications layer 209, thus far three applications have been discussed: telemarketing application, connection manager application, and the call processing application.
FRI Software Architecture Implementation--Overview
FIG. 3 illustrates in block diagram form the software architecture of FIG. 2 as implemented on switching node 101 and remote telemarketing terminal 104. This software architecture in accordance with the invention supports not only standard ISDN links but also FRI links. Software layers 203 through 209 are implemented on a main processor of each switching node and FRI-capable terminal, such as node processor 310 of switching node 101 and terminal processor 301 of terminal 104. Specifically, the software layers down through the link management portion of the link layer are realized by software layers denoted 336 through 330 in node processor 310 and software layers denoted 346 through 340 in terminal processor 301.
The link interface portion of the link layer is implemented by a number of separate software modules, each performing a link interface function. Each of these software modules is referred to as an "angel". These angels perform most of the functions of the link layer; and it is the task of the link management portion to simply provide a gateway, or interface, from the various angels to the upper layers of the software structure. The link interface in node processor 310 is implemented by local angel 312, Virtual Interface Manager (VIM) angel 311, and remote angel 320. Local angel 312 and VIM angel 311 are software modules executed by node processor 310. Remote angel 320 is a stand alone processor. The operation and purposes of remote angel 320 are described in detail in our copending U.S. patent application, Ser. No. 07/636,523, of B. M. Bales, et al., filed of even data herewith and entitled "Transparent Remoting of Switch Network Control over a Standard Interface Link". Correspondingly, the link interface in terminal processor 301 comprises local angel 304 and VIM angel 303.
The physical layer is jointly implemented by hardware and software. Specifically, the hardware portion of the physical layer for switching node 101 is implemented by interfaces 316 through 317 and and interfaces 327 through 328. The software portion of the physical layer for interfaces 316 through 317 is performed by local angel 312 and for interfaces 327 through 328 by remote angel 320. For the FRI link, VIM angel 311 performs the software portion and simulates the hardware portion. Interfaces 316 through 317 and 327 through 328 are BRI and/or PRI interfaces of well-known types. Networks 315 and 328 perform the required switching functions under control of local angel 312 and remote angel 320, respectively.
In particular, interface 316 is associated with PRI link 123 and performs the physical subdividing of B channel 134 of FIG. 1 into its two subchannels. Although not explicitly indicated in FIG. 3, the voice subchannel (FRI B channel) is directly switched by network 315 through the switching node and out to, for example, telephone 106 via central office 102 along the lines described above. However, the packetized subchannel which communicates the FRI D channel is transferred by interface 316 via network 315 and local angel 312 to software layer 336 for further processing, as described in detail herein below.
At remote telemarketing terminal 104, the hardware functionality of the physical layer is carried out by interface 306. This end of the voice subchannel is directly switched by interface 306 to handset 308. Just as in the switching node, interface 306 transfers the packetized subchannel which communicates the FRI D channel via local angel 304 to software layer 346 for further processing.
Turning now, to an important feature of the invention--the manner in which the FRI capability is built into the system--it is first desirable to describe briefly, and in somewhat simplified detail, how signaling is established on a standard ISDN link and the problems of establishing signaling on a FRI link. After understanding the problems of establishing signaling on the FRI link, a brief description is given of how a standard ISDN link is initialized with respect to the software layers and then how the FRI link is initialized.
During the previous discussion of link interface layer 201 and physical layer 202, it was described how these two layers function together to establish logical links on packetized ISDN D or B channels. Link management software layer 203
identifies these logical links and communicates information to or from one of the logical links with any designated higher software layer. The designation of the high software layer occurs when the logical link is initialized. For example on a D channel of a standard ISDN link, one specific logical link (referred to as a logical D channel, LDC) is always designated to be communicated with network software layer 204 in accordance with the ISDN specification. The LDC communicates all call control information for the B channels of the standard ISDN link and is an integral part of the ISDN specification.
We come, now, to the crux of the problem. Since it is desired to have the network and higher layers process the data on the FRI D channel in just the same way that it process the data on any other D channel controlling associated B channels, one might think that this would be a simple matter of indicating during channel set up to local angel 312--which handles standard D channels--that a logical link of the packetized B subchannel is to be passed up through to the network layer for LDC processing. Things are not so simple, however, because the network and higher software layers perform all call processing based on the concept that all B channels of a ISDN link are controlled by the LDC of that link. These B channels are identified with the LDC during the initialization of the ISDN link well before the setup of the FRI link. For the network and higher software layers to later reassign B channels from the LDC of an existing ISDN link to the LDC of the FRI link would require a deviation from the ISDN standard with respect to the functions performed by software above link management 203. Further, this reassignment would require communication between two network layers which is another deviation from the ISDN specification. Further, such negotiations are not possible if there is an intervening switching system such as another switching node or public network 102. For example, those network layers could be in a switching node and an remote telemarketing terminal. The problem then is (1) to identify the FRI D and B channels of a FRI link to the network and higher software layers in the same manner as a standard ISDN link, (2) to correlate the FRI D and B channels with physical B channels communicating the FRI D and B channels oblivious to the network and higher software layers, and (3) to allow the network and higher software layers to control intra-node switching of the FRI B channels in the same fashion as switching B channels of a standard ISDN link.
This problem is solved, in accordance with a feature of the invention, via use of the Virtual Interface Manager alluded to above. The Virtual Interface Manager, or VIM, is a software package which includes both link layer software and application software. The link layer software is, in fact the aforementioned VIM angel 312 in node processor 310 and its counterpart in terminal processor 340--VIM angel 303. (The link layer software was referred to earlier as the virtual link software module.) VIM angels 311 and 303 also simulate the physical layer. The application software is denoted in the FIG. 3 as VIM application 338 in node processor 310 and VIM application 348 in terminal processor 301. The general solution to the problem with specific reference to switching node 101 is as follows. During the setup of the physical B channels that communicate the FRI link, local angel 312 is instructed to communicate the FRI LDC information from a logical link of the packetized subchannel to VIM application 338. In response, local angel 312 performs the same type of operations as it does in communicating the LDC information from a standard ISDN link to network layer 331. In turn, VIM application 338 instructs VIM angel 311 to simulate a FRI link becoming active in order to inform the higher software layers that a new LDC has become active with a certain number of B channels. Once the FRI link has been identified to the higher software layers by the VIM angel 311, the FRI link is operational.
In operation, as FRI LDC information is received by VIM application 338 from the packetized B subchannel, VIM application 338 transfers this information to VIM angel 311. In response, VIM angel 311 transfers this information to link management layer 330 in the same manner as local angel 312 transfers information from a LDC of a standard ISDN link. When link management layer 330 receives LDC information for the FRI LDC, link management layer 330 transfers the information to VIM angel 311 in a conventional manner. In turn, VIM angel 311 transfers the information to VIM application 338. In response to the information, VIM application 338 communicates the information out on the packetized B subchannel.
When link management layer 330 receives information requesting that a control action be performed on one of the FRI B channels, this information is transferred to VIM angel 311 in the conventional manner which in turn transfers it to VIM application 338. VIM application 338 translates between the FRI B channel and the physical B channel that is actually communicating the FRI B channel and instructs the angel controlling the physical B channel to perform the requested control action.
To understand how a FRI link is initialized, first consider the initialization of a standard ISDN link. When a standard ISDN link becomes active, the physical layer identifies the physical interface terminating that link to the link interface software layer by a physical interface number. The link interface software layer establishes a packet protocol on the D channel and assumes that the LDC as being communicated by a pre-specified logical link of the D channel. The link interface software layer then informs the link management software layer that a new LDC is active, that it has a certain number of B channels, and that it is established on a certain interface. The link management software layer identifies this new LDC by its link interface software layer and informs the network software layer that a new LDC is active and that the LDC controls a certain number of B channels.
In response, the network software layer records the new LDC existence and sets up tables to control the B channels as they become active. In addition, the network software layer informs the transport software layer that a new LDC is active and to what system entity the new LDC is connected. After both sets of software layers (e.g. software layers 330 through 336 and software layers 340 through 346) are initialized in this manner, calls may be established over the B channels associated with the LDC by the network software layers. Signaling information received or transmitted on the LDC is communicated between the network software layer and the link management software layer. In turn, the link management software layer communicates this information with link interface software layer for communication on the logical link of the D channel.
Consider how a FRI link is initialized with respect to the software layers. Once such a FRI link is established between switching node 101 and remote telemarketing terminal 104, software layers 330 through 336 function as if FRI link 350 was a physical link and directly connected a portion of interface 306 (that portion controlling terminal 307, handset 308, and console 309) to VIM angel 311. Using the FRI LDC, software layers 330 through 336 control units 307, 308, and 309 in the same manner as if these units were directed connected to an interface attached to network 315.
The first step in the initialization process is for VIM application 338 to place a call to VIM application 348; this call establishes a B channel between the two applications. VIM application 338 then has the physical layer divide the B channel into two subchannels and requests that the link interface layer create a packetized channel on one of these subchannels. All information received or transmitted on this packetized channel is communicated between VIM application 338 and the link interface of angel 312 via link management layer 330. VIM application 348 performs similar operations. VIM application 338 then requests that another B channel be established between switching node 101 and remote telemarketing terminal 104.
In the second step, VIM application 338 requests that VIM angel 311 inform link management 330 that an LDC has become active and that it has two B channels. VIM angel 311 is implementing a FRI interface becoming active. (Herein, those channels are called FRI D and FRI B channels.) Recall that VIM angel 311 is performing the functions of the link interface software layer and simulating the physical layer. Software layers 330 through 336 process this information in the same manner as previously described for the standard link; hence, those software layers are unaware that a FRI link is different from a standard link. VIM application 338 maintains the correlation between the FRI channels and the physical channels that transport the FRI channels.
FRI Software Architecture Implementation--Detailed View
The following paragraphs describe in greater detail the manner in which the FRI LDC and the two FRI B channels are established between switching node 101 and remote telemarketing terminal 104. VIM applications 338 and 348 perform one set of functions during the initialization of the FRI link and another set during normal operation of the FRI link. During initialization, VIM application 338 initiates and sets up the FRI link in conjunction with its peer VIM application, i.e., VIM application 348. Each node processor and terminal processor, in a system such as FIG. 1, has an administered telephone number used only for performing network setup functions. VIM application 338 uses the administered telephone number of terminal processor 301 to initially request that software layers 331 through 333 transmit a setup message with the telephone number in the calling party field. Also within an IE of codeset 6 of the setup message is the node number of node processor 310. By transmitting the setup message, VIM application 338 is placing a call to VIM application 348.
The setup message is transmitted in the LDC of the D channel of PRI link 123, which had previously been established when PRI link 123 was set up with central office 160. Central office 160 processes this request in a normal manner with respect to both switching node 101 and remote telemarketing terminal 104. The setup message requests a B channel, e.g., B channel 134 of FIG. 1 of the present example. After establishment of the FRI LDC on B channel 134, a second request is made for another B channel. Central office 160 communicates with remote telemarketing terminal 104 via the LDC of D channel 138 of BRI link 126. VIM 348 answers this call, and messages are transmitted back and forth as if a human being had answered the call on a conventional telephone set. Initially, the setup message is transferred to network layer 341. Network layer 431 transfers the setup message to session layer 343 via transport layer 342. When the setup message is received, session layer 343 handles this call in the same manner as it would any other call. Session layer 343 is responsive to the telephone number to determine that it is directed to VIM application 348 as an end point and transfers the setup message to application layer 345. Application layer 345 examines the dialed number in the called party number field and, based on that, transfers the call setup request to VIM application 348.
If VIM application 348 chooses to accept the call upon receipt of the call setup message, VIM application 348 transmits to the lower software layers a request that a B channel be established and that an acknowledgment message be sent. In response, network layer 341 formulates a connection message that is then transferred back to node 101 via central office 160. Network 341 also negotiates with central office 160 for the B channel, e.g., channel 139. Central office 160 is responsive to the connection message to interconnect B channel 134 to B channel 139, respectively. If VIM application 348 decides not to answer the message, then network layer 341 tears the call down by sending the proper messages to node processor 310 and central office 160.
After requesting the transmission of the connection message, VIM 348 transmits a request via link management 340. In response, link management 340 requests that local angle 304 control interface 306 so that interface 306 switches B channel 140
to terminal 307 and subdivides B channel 139 into two subchannels, One subchannel is utilized as a compressed voice subchannel, and the other subchannel is utilized as a packetized subchannel. Link management 340 establishes a mode 3 LAPD protocol on the subchannel to make it a packetized subchannel (also referred to as a logical link). A software path from the packetized subchannel is then interconnected through local angel 304 to link management 340. As described in greater detail with respect to FIG. 5, VIM application 348 then utilizes VIM angel 303 to inform software layers 340 through 346 that a FRI interface is being set up on VIM angel 303. Link management 340 is responsible to the virtual interface implemented by VIM angel 303 being set up to establish and to identify FRI link 350.
After setting up B channel 134, VIM 338 application requests that a second set up message be transmitted to interconnect B channel 135 to B channel 140 via central office 160. The resulting communication path becomes a FRI B channel.
In setting up the virtual interface implemented by VIM angel 303, VIM application 348 maps the physical channel number (angel interface number, sintf, and angel interface number, aintf) of interface 306 into the FRI channel number (aintf). In the present example, the packetized subchannel of B channel 134 becomes a FRI LDC which is illustratively assigned the number 24. B channel 135 is mapped into FRI channel 1, and the compressed voice subchannel of B channel 134 is mapped into FRI channel
2. Furthermore, link management 340 identifies the virtual interface on VIM angel 303 with a (sintf) and correlates this sintf with the VIM angel number and the aintf for the virtual interface. After this mapping and initialization of the physical interfaces is completed, the FRI link is established between switching node 101 and remote telemarketing terminal 104.
After the connection message is received back from remote telemarketing terminal 104, VIM angel 311 performs the same functions as local angel 312 performs when notifying software layers 330 through 335 that a new interface has been set up. In response to the connection message, VIM application 336 sets up a virtual interface using VIM angel 311 and transmits control information to local angel 304. In response to the control information, angel 304 initializes interface 316 so that B channel
134 becomes a multiplexed channel having packetized and compressed voice subchannels. In a manner similar to VIM application 348, VIM application 338 maps and identifies the virtual interface (utilizing internal tables) in order to establish the FRI link. Greater detail on setting up the FRI link is given with respect to FIG. 5.
After the VIM applications and VIM angels in both node processor 310 and terminal processor 301 have completed the execution of the previously described functions, the FRI link is established both from a hardware and software perspective between switching node 101 and remote telemarketing terminal 104. At this point in the present example, there is no actual voice or data call currently active on this link. The manner in which an active call is established on the FRI link is described in detail in the next paragraph.
At some point in time after the FRI link has been established between switching node 101 and remote telemarketing terminal 104, the agent utilizing terminal 104 becomes active. To become active, the agent at remote telemarketing terminal 104
first establishes a data connection for terminal 307 with a host computer (not shown in FIG. 3) attached to interface 317, using standard procedures for establishing a data connection. The signaling is done via the FRI LDC of FRI 350 link that is being transported by B channels 134 and 139. The data connection is transported on the first FRI B channel which is communicated on B channels 135 and 140 of PRI link 123 and BRI link 126, respectively. Layers 330 through 336 of node processor 310 are responsive to information communicated by angel 311 that a request is being made for a data connection between B channel 135 and the appropriate channel on interface 317 connected to the host computer. The software layers process this request in a normal manner and establish a connection via network 315. At this time, the agent is connected to the host computer but is not engaged in a voice conversation. However, handset 308 is interconnected to network 315 via interface 316 and the compressed voice subchannels on B channels 134 and 139.
In accordance with the present example, a customer using telephone 106 places a call to the telemarketing functions of switching node 101 via central office 160. This call is transported over a B channel of PRI link 123 of FIGS. 1 and 3. Telemarketing application 337, on the basis of internal algorithms, can use any agent assigned to local telemarketing terminals 109 through 110 or to remote telemarketing terminal 104 in exactly the same manner. In the present example, telemarketing application 337 selects the agent assigned to remote telemarketing terminal 104 to handle the call from telephone 106. To transfer the call from telephone 106 to remote telemarketing terminal 104, telemarketing application 337 transmits down to session layer 333 a request to interconnect the call being received from telephone 106 to the telephone number associated with headset 308. Session layer 333 translates the telephone number and searches the appropriate tables and finds that headset 308 is associated with a particular endpoint. This searching is done by utilizing information in management information base 361. Session 333 translates a telephone number to and endpoint, node, or public network. The fact that headset 308 is associated with an endpoint (the FRI LDC of FRI link 350) was established during the initialization of FRI link 350.
Session layer 333 transmits a request to transport layer 332 to determine the endpoint to which remote telemarketing terminal 104 is connected. Transport layer 332 determines that the endpoint is the FRI LDC. Transport layer 332 then transmits a request to network layer 331 to determine the sintf and channels of the FRI LDC. The channels associated with the FRI LDC can be determined by network layer 331, because network layer 331 associates with each LDC channel all the B channels for which each LDC provides signaling. Hence, by determining the LDC that is providing signaling for remote telemarketing terminal 104, transport layer 332 has also determined all the B channels that can be used to transport voice or data to remote telemarketing terminal 104. Network layer 331 responds to a request from transport layer 332 to select an available FRI B channel, which will be the compressed voice subchannel of B channel 335. Normally, network layer 331 determines a B channel for transporting the call from a plurality of channels that are part of a link; however, in the present example, only the second FRI B channel is left in the FRI link and that is the compressed voice subchannel which is identified to the network layer 331 as a regular B channel.
At this point, transport layer 332 identifies, in terms of the sintf, the physical channel used for telephone 106 and the virtual interface. Now, transport layer 332 requests through session layer 333 that the intra-nodal routing routine of connection manager application 351 establish a connection through switching node 101 to interconnect the interfaces for telephone 106 and remote telemarketing terminal 104. After establishment of that connection, remote telemarketing terminal 104 alerts the agent that there is an active call.
In order to set up a connection between the physical channels, transport layer 332 requests through session layer 333 that the intra-nodal routing routine of connection manager 351 determine the path through networks of switching node 101. The intra-nodal routing routine requests from VIM application 338 the mapping to establish that the voice channel of the virtual interface is terminated by physical interface 316 on a subchannel of B channel 135. The intra-nodal routing routine determines the physical interface and channel associated with the call from telephone 106 because this information was stored by session layer 333 in management information base 361 when this call was received. The communication between the intra-nodal routing routine and VIM application 338 is done at applications layer 336 and is not communicated through any of the lower layers. After determining the actual physical interface channel and the fact that both of the physical interface channels (which are on interfaces 316 and 317) are controlled by local angel 312, the intra-nodal routing routine transmits a command to local angel 312 to cause network 315 to interconnect the appropriate B channels. The commands to the local angel 312 from the intra-nodal routing routine are sent down directly and are not processed by layers 335 through 330.
How the agent is alerted depends on decisions made by telemarketing application 337. The agent can receive a zip tone in handset 308 which indicates that a customer is being transferred to the agent, or the agent can receive normal signaling which causes ringing at interface 306. During the alerting of the agent, all the physical resources within switching node 101 have been alerted and only the final connection within network 315 to B channel 335 needs to be made. When zip tone is used, the connection is continuously made to telephone handset 308, and terminal processor 301 is not involved with the utilization of the agent on remote telemarketing terminal 104 by telemarketing application 337 since all the work of terminal processor 301
had been previously performed. (Zip tone is used for the auto answer environment in telemarketing.)
FIG. 4 logically illustrates the general relationships between data link connection identifiers (DLCI), service access point identifiers (SAPI), terminal end identifiers (TEI), system interface numbers (sintf), angels, angel interface numbers (aintf), logical D channel numbers (LDCN), call reference numbers (CRN), and the various software layers. As illustrated in FIG. 4, each pair of link interface layers and physical layers is implemented on a different angel. Link interface layer 125 and physical layer 126 are implemented by local angel 312, and link interface layer 127 and physical layer 128 are implemented by remote angel 320. Node processor 310 implements link management layer 330, network layer 331, and higher layers. Sintf, angel and aintf numbers correlate to physical interfaces. The sintf numbers are utilized by network layer 331 and higher layers to identify physical interfaces. Network layer 331 identifies the physical interfaces by sintf1 401 through sintf4 404. The virtual interface implemented on VIM angel 311 is identified by sintf4 405. Link management 330 makes a conversion between the sintf numbers and the angel and aintf numbers which together represent the physical or virtual interface. For example, link management 330 converts sintf1 401 to local angel 312 and aintf1 411. Link interface layer 425 utilizes aintf1 411 to identify physical interface 316. There is a one for one correspondence between sintf1 401 through sintf6 405 and aintf1 411 through aintf2 415.
The sintf and aintf numbers identify specific interfaces, and each interface has a number of channels. For example, PRI link 123 has 24 channels. Network layer 331 identifies the channels associated with a particular sintf by using the actual physical channel numbers; and similarly, link interface layer 425 utilizes the physical channel numbers in association with an aintf number. The FRI channels are given channel numbers analogous to physical channel numbers. This numbering is possible because the specifications of the ISDN standard designate that physical channel 24 performs the signaling. Network layer 331 and higher layers utilize sintf numbers to control the link interface layers and physical layers to interconnect physical channels and to create specific protocols on these channels. The manner in which channels are interconnected through physical networks such as network 315 is not illustrated in FIG. 4 except in a logical manner, e.g. path 407.
Further, FIG. 4 logically illustrates the utilization of the various channels and endpoints at which these channels are terminated and at which information is utilized. As previously described, B channel 134 is subdivided at physical layer 426
of local angel 312 into two subchannels: a voice subchannel interconnected by path 407 to B channel 133 and a packetized subchannel. Path 407 is made through network 315. It would be obvious to one skilled in the art that similar paths could be made between B channels in interface 316 and 317. The circuit switching of B channels is performed at the physical layer; on the other hand, packet switching or frame relaying is performed at the link interface layer. The packetized subchannel of B channel
134 is terminated at link interface layer 425, which establishes a mode 3 protocol on this subchannel and communicates information with VIM application 336 via path 418. VIM application 336 communicates information with VIM angel 311 via path 427. Paths 418 and 427 are identified as path 351 in FIG. 3.
The manner in which an LDC is set up is described in great detail with respect to FIG. 5 and is not repeated at this point. However, FIG. 4 illustrates the manner in which D channel 130 is subdivided to provide the necessary flow of information to implement an LDC. At physical layer 426, all channels are treated alike. First, link interface layer 425 under control of a higher layer establishes a LAPD packet protocol on D channel 130, which is channel 24 of PRI link 123. The LAPD packet protocol creates a plurality of logical links 417, each of which is identified by a DLCI number such as DLCI 428. A DLCI number is based on the TEI and SAPI numbers. Each pair of TEI and SAPI numbers designates one DLCI or logical link. The protocol allows for 128 TEI numbers and 63 SAP numbers.
In accordance with the ISDN specification, a physical link can be considered either as point-to-point or point-to-multi-point. By convention, a PRI link may only be point-to-point resulting in only one TEI number being allowed on the D channel of a PRI link. Also by convention, that TEI number is equal to 0. A BRI link may be point-to-point or point-to-multi-point resulting in a D channel of BRI potentially having more than one TEI number. In accordance with the ISDN specification, four of the SAPI numbers of a D channel are predefined as 0 for call control, 16 for implementing an X.25 protocol, 1 for a packet mode connection, and 63 for peer to peer communication between link management layers. In FIG. 4, Service Access Point (SAP) 408
has the value of 63 and is used by link management 330 for communication with its peer in the present example on central office 160. SAP 409 has a value of 0 and is used to implement LDCN 419. In the present example, the SAPIs having values of 16 and
17 are not implemented. The remainder of the 60 SAPI values may be utilized to establish packet connections for the communication of data for software layers above network layer 331.
All signaling is controlled via LDCN 419 for interface 316. Upon receiving information with a SAPI of 0 which is SAP 409, link management 330 directs this information to network layer 331. In accordance with the ISDN specification, call reference numbers are included in the Q.931 protocol and are received via LDCN 419. These call references numbers are utilized to identify call records such as call record 421 or 423. For example, CRNs 420 and 422 identify call records 421 and 423, respectively. There is one call record for each channel or subchannel that is engaged in a circuit switched or packetized call on a physical interface. Link management 330 utilizes sintf1 401 to associate LDCN 419 with call records 421 and 423. At network layer 331, CRN numbers are only unique with respect to an individual LDCN. Similarly, FRI link 350 is illustrated as having call records 429 and 431 identified by CRNs 428 and 432, respectively.
FIG. 5 illustrates the messages that are exchanged in bringing up an interface on switching node 101 of FIG. 3. The messages that are exchanged among the various levels for both VIM interfaces as well as physical interfaces are illustrated in FIG. 5. In the case of a physical interface, firmware 510, which includes link interface layer 512 and physical layer 513, is physically being implemented on either local angel 312 or remote angel 320. However, if the virtual interface is being brought up, firmware 510 is implemented by VIM angel 311.
First, consider FIG. 5 from the point of view of physical interface 316 of FIG. 3 which is being bought up. Initially as an interface port is plugged in (path 518), physical layer transmits the mph.sub.-- info.sub.-- ind 500 primitive which is directed to L2.sub.-- MGMT.sub.-- ENTITY 707 (a level 2 management entity which is described in detail with respect to FIG. 7). Note, the service access point (SAPI) number is a 63 for a MDL primitive and a zero for a DL primitive. Primitive 500 also includes the aintf which the angel selects. The aintf is the reference used by L2.sub.-- MGMT.sub.-- ENTITY 707 to refer to that interface. Primitive 500 also defines the type of interface, such as a PRI, BRI or FRI link, that has been brought up. Note, that the mnemonics indicate where the message is from and where it is going. MPH means that the message is between the physical layer and the level 2 management entity, MDL indicates that message is between the level 2 management entity and the LAPD part of link interface layer 512, and DL indicates that message is between level 3 and the LAPD portion of link interface layer 512.
When physical layer 513 detects framing (path 519) being received on the interface, physical layer 513 communicates this fact to entity 707 by the transmission of MPH.sub.-- ACTIVATE.sub.-- IND 501 primitive. To completely respond to primitive
501, entity 707 needs to establish with the other interface the terminal endpoint identifier (TEI). The TEI is determined through negotiations with the other interface. To accomplish this negotiation, entity 707 communicates with its peer level 2
management that is controlling the other interface. For example, assume that the indication on path 519 resulted from a BRI interface becoming active by a telephone being plugged into the BRI interface. Most BRI telephones are programmed to negotiate a TEI specified by the ISDN standard in response to Q.921 messages received via the BRI interface. If the active interface is not a BRI interface which supports the automatic TEI procedures, primitives 502 and 503 are not exchanged. Entity 707 starts the TEI negotiation by sending the MDL.sub.-- UDATA.sub.-- REQ 502 primitive that contains a TEI selected by entity 707 to layer 512. In response, layer 512 transmits UI 520 (unumbered frame). The peer entity responds to UI 520 via its interface with UI
521 that contains an indication of the peer entity's agreement with TEI selected by entity 707. In response to UI 521, link interface layer 512 inserts the indication into MDL.sub.-- UDATA.sub.-- IND 503 primitive. The CCITT specification allows for other commands at this point that allow for further negotiation of the TEI if entity 707 selected a TEI that was already being used by the telephone.
Entity 707 responds to primitive 503 by transmitting MDL.sub.-- ASSIGN.sub.-- REQ 714 primitive to link interface layer 512. This primitive contains information requesting that link interface layer 512 make an allowance for every possible SAPI that can be associated with the negotiated TEI. As explained with respect to FIG. 4, the SAPI defines how a logical link is being used; whereas, the TEI simply identifies a terminal on the other side. The request for link interface layer 512 to make allowance for SAPI makes provision for entity 707 to establish these SAPI at a later point.
Now, entity 707 transmits a MDL.sub.-- UDATA.sub.-- REQ 504 primitive whose information contains the address of a specific TEI and the node number of node 101. Primitive 504 is converted by layer 512 to UI 522. The reason for sending the node number using primitive 504 is to determine whether the other peer entity is on a switching node such as switching node 101. The other entity may also be on a public network or a BRI telephone. In response to UI 522, if the other entity is on a node, it responds with its node number by the transmission of UI 523 whose information includes the other entity's node number. Layer 512 responds to UI 523 by transmitting MDL.sub.-- UDATA.sub.-- IND 505 primitive. If the other entity is not a node, it fails to recognize UI 522 and does not respond, resulting in a time out. In response to the time out, entity 707 via path 509 communicates LINK.sub.-- AVAIL 511 primitive to entity 1201 which is described in greater detail with respect to FIG. 11. At this point, entity 707 has accomplished the following functions: framing has been established, the TEI has been identified, link interface 512 has been advised to prepare for the establishment of different services via SAPI such as signaling, an attempt has been made to exchange node numbers, and the determination has been made that the interface is now ready to be used by higher layers. Entity 707 now advises entity 1201 via the LINK.sub.-- AVAIL 511 primitive that the interface is now ready for use and whether or not the interface is a switching node.
Entity 1201 has to determine whether to establish a signaling link with the other entity. If entity 1201 already has a signaling link to the other peer entity in another switching node, entity 1201 does not precede with primitives 506 and 507. Entity 1201 has a signaling link with the other entity if the switching node of the other peer entity has an established interface with switching node 101. If entity 1201 needs to establish signaling, entity 1201 transmits a DL.sub.-- ESTABLISH.sub.-- REQUEST 506 primitive which contains information requesting that a signaling link (LDC) be established to the other entity. Layer 512 converts primitive 506 to SABME 524. If the other entity agrees, it transmits UA 525 back which layer 512 converts to DL.sub.-- ESTABLISH.sub.-- CON 707 primitive. After receipt of primitive 507, entity 1101 transmits a LDCN.sub.-- AVAIL message to transport layer 332 advising the transport layer that a new LDC has become available.
In forming the DL.sub.-- ESTABLISH.sub.-- REQUEST 506, entity 1201 uses the node number received in LINK.sub.-- AVAIL 511 primitive to determine the position of the new node within the node system. Each node has a unique node number, and the number itself determines the position within the node system. In addition, this information is utilized to decide which entity is going to be the user or the network on a PRI interface. If this relationship is not correct on a PRI link, the link will not become operational. Before the transmission of DL.sub.-- ESTABLISH.sub.-- REQUEST 506, the signaling link has not yet been established so that the determination of user and network has not been made. Primitives 501 through 505 occur before any LAPD link is established. For this reason, all the frame commands are unnumbered. This frees the entities from having to determine the network and the user destinations. Before the transmission of primitive 506, entity 1201 compares the node numbers and from this comparison determines which of the entities will be defined the user or the network. For other entities such as the public network, this destination is specified. If the other entity is unknown with respect to being a network or a user, entity 1201 initially tries to come up as a user when transmitting out primitive 506. If this fails, entity 1201 determines this after a timeout period is exceeded. If a timeout occurred, entity 1201 then transmits out a second primitive 506
designating itself as the network.
The functions described with respect to FIG. 5 are now discussed specifically in relation to bringing up a FRI link between switching node 101 and remote telemarketing terminal 104. First, VIM applications 338 and 348 place a call between themselves. Using the LDC, VIM application 338 and VIM application 348 assign B channels as previously described. As previously described, VIM applications 338 and 348 exchange node numbers or absences of node numbers during call set up. Once the peer-to-peer communication has been established between VIM applications 338 and 348, these applications initialize their virtual interfaces in order to set up FRI link 350 and to identify these interfaces to the appropriate software layers. This is described from the point of view of VIM application 338 but VIM application 348 performs similar functions. In initializing the virtual interface to bring up FRI link 350, VIM application 338 must inform software layers 330 through 335 of the existence of the two B channels forming FRI link 350 and how the two B channels are being utilized. In addition, VIM application must set up a packetized data link on a subchannel of B channel 134. At this point, VIM application 338 has already set up two subchannels on B channel 134.
VIM application 338 now makes a correlation between a unique number which it assigns to the virtual interface and physical interface 316 that is used to communicate with remote telemarketing terminal 104. VIM application 338 causes VIM angel 311
via path 351 to transmit the MPH.sub.-- INFO.sub.-- IND 600 primitive to entity 607 of FIG. 6. Primitive 600 designates the virtual interface number, interface type (FRI), and the number of channels in the FRI. The three channels in the FRI are designated 1, 2, and 24 by primitive 600. This primitive informs entity 607 that a FRI link has just come up which is using FRI channel 24 and FRI B channels 1 and 2 of the FRI link. Entity 607 automatically assumes that FRI channel 24 is to be the D channel (actually it is a FRI D channel since it is handled by the VIM angel and the VIM application.) Next, VIM angel 311 transmits the MPH.sub.-- ACTIVATE.sub.-- IND 601 primitive indicating that it has framing. (Since the B channels have already been set up by VIM application 348, this can be done immediately.) VIM angel 303 performs similar functions by sending primitives