Home
Patent Search
IMT Blog
REGISTER
|
SIGN IN
United States Patent
4845419
Hacker
July 4, 1989
Title
Automatic control means providing a low-power responsive signal, particularly for initiating data preservation operation
Abstract
In a system including volatile memory, a battery backed memory may be available for preserving data in the event of a power failure. Low power condition is reliably sensed sufficiently in advance of supply voltage falling below a minimum operating voltage range so as to give an adequate time interval, e.g. 2.5 milliseconds for the saving of application operating system status. By using a voltage regulator signal which switches in a particularly sensitive manner toward a saturation or zero state well outside its normal control range to trigger a low power signal, such low power signal may provide a time interval of, e.g. from three to six milliseconds of advance warning of impending supply voltage failure. The system is particularly useful for hand-held data processing systems with rechargeable batteries since the regulator may provide its regulator signal as a common control signal for regulating multiple supply paths, and may only trigger the low power signal when all of such supply paths approach a failure condition.
Inventors:
Hacker; David C.
(Cedar Rapids,
IA
)
Assignee:
Norand Corporation
(Cedar Rapids,
IA
)
Appl. No.:
107494
Filed:
October 6, 1987
Current U.S. Class:
320/136
320/DIG.16
323/303
320/114
Field of Search:
320/2,39 323/299,303
U.S. Patent Documents
3754182
August 1973
Morris et al.
4308492
December 1981
Mori et al.
4455523
June 1984
Koenck
4494064
January 1985
Hookness
4553081
November 1985
Koenck
4716354
December 1987
Hacker
Primary Examiner:
Beha, Jr.; William H.
Assistant Examiner:
Ault; Anita M.
Attorney, Agent or Firm:
Neuman, Williams, Anderson & Olson
Parent Case Text
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
The present application is a continuation-in-part of a copending application of David C. Hacker, U.S. Ser. No. 797,235, filed Nov. 12, 1985, now U.S. Pat. No. 4,716,354, issued Dec. 29, 1987. The disclosure and drawings of this copending application Ser. No. 797,235 are hereby incorporated herein by reference. Reference is also made to an application in the name of Steven E. Koenck U.S. Ser. No. 612,588, filed May 21, 1984, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 4,553,081 on Nov. 12, 1985, and to an application which was copending with application Ser. No. 612,588, namely Steven E. Koenck U.S. Ser. No. 385,830, filed June 7, 1982, which issued as U.S. Pat. No. 4,455,523 on June 19, 1984. The disclosures and drawings of these Koenck U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,455,523 and 4,553,081 are hereby incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.
Claims
I claim as my invention:
1. In a system including power supply means for supplying a power supply voltage,
automatic voltage regulator means having input means coupled with said power supply means and automatically operable for supplying a regulated output power,
said automatic voltage regulator means producing a regulator signal which progressively changes as a function of a power supply voltage and approaches a limit range as power supply voltage is reduced below a given minimum value, and
signalling means coupled with said automatic voltage regulator means for supplying a low power signal to an external circuit when the regulator signal approaches said limit range.
2. A system according to claim 1, with said automatic voltage regulator means supplying the regulator signal in the form of a control signal for controlling output power from said regulator means, such control signal having a normal control range corresponding to normal output power being supplied from said regulator means, and having a saturation value which is approached when power supply voltage falls below the given minimum value.
3. A system according to claim 2, with said signalling means comprising logic means for supplying a first discrete logic signal level when the control signal is within said normal control range and for supplying a second discrete logic signal level distinct from said first logic signal level when the control signal approaches said saturation value.
4. A system according to claim 1, with an integrated circuit having a first operational amplifier means forming part of said automatic voltage regulator means, and a second operational amplifier means forming part of said signalling means and having an input means coupled with an output of said first operational amplifier means.
5. A system according to claim 1, with volatile memory means having a minimum operating voltage below said given minimum value of power supply voltage such that said low power signal gives a reliable advance warning in sufficient time to enable transfer of data to a nonvolatile storage.
6. In a system including a plurality of power supply means for supplying respective power supply voltages,
a plurality of individual current supply paths having respective current regulator means therein, and
a common control means having output means coupled to each of said current regulator means and supplying a common control signal which has a normal range so long as one of the power supply voltages is above a given minimum value and which approaches a saturation value when the respective power supply voltages are below their respective minimum values, for signalling a low power condition.
7. A system according to claim 6, with switch means controlling the respective current supply paths and operative for selectively switching the respecting current supply paths to a restricted current flow condition independently of the common control means.
8. A system according to claim 6, with said common control means comprising operational amplifier means supplying a common control voltage having a normal limit voltage, and supplying a saturation voltage value when the respective power supply voltages are below their respective minimum values, which voltage value is displaced from the normal range by a voltage differential at least approximately corresponding to the voltage differential between maximum and minimum values of the said range.
9. A system according to claim 8, with said operational amplifier means supplying a common control voltage having a normal range including a given normal limit voltage, and supplying a saturation voltage value when the respective power supply voltages are below their respective minimum values, which saturation voltage value has a ratio relative to the normal limit voltage of at least about two to one.
10. A system according to claim 6, with switch means controlling activation of the respective current supply paths, and responsive to the common control signal approaching said saturation value to automatically activate all of the current supply paths.
11. The method of obtaining an early warning of a low power condition in a system wherein supply voltage is regulated by means of a voltage regulator which supplies a varying control output signal as input power is reduced within a normal operating range and which control output signal approaches a saturation condition as input power falls below its normal operating range, said method comprising monitoring said control output signal and sensing approach thereof to said saturation condition as an early warning of low power condition.
12. A method according to claim 11, with said control output signal varying by at least about fifty percent as the supply voltage falls about two percent from its normal operating range.
13. A method according to claim 11, with said control output signal varying by at least fifty percent as the supply voltage falls about two percent from its normal operating range, said method comprising sensing a change in the control output signal from a midrange value, of at least one hundred percent of such midrange value as an early warning of low power condition.
14. A method according to claim 11, with said control output signal varying by at least about fifty percent as the supply voltage falls about two percent from its normal operating range, said method comprising sensing a change in the control output signal from a midrange value, of a least about three hundred percent as an early warning of low power condition.
15. A method according to claim 11, with said control output signal varying by at least about fifty percent as the supply voltage falls about two percent below its normal operating range, and utilizing the sensing of said approach to saturation condition to initiate a memory protection routine.
16. The method of obtaining an early warning of a low power condition in a system, said method comprising regulating a supply voltage by means of a voltage regulator, supplying from the voltage regulator a varying control output signal for automatically maintaining said supply voltage substantially at a selected value as input power is reduced within a normal operating range, said control output signal approaching a limit condition as input power falls below its normal operating range, and said method further comprising monitoring said control output signal and sensing approach thereof to said limit condition as an early warning of low power condition.
17. A method according to claim 16, with said control output signal varying by at least about fifty percent as the supply voltage falls a small percent from its selected value.
18. A method according to claim 16, with said control output signal varying by at least fifty percent as the supply voltage falls a small percent from its selected value, said method comprising sensing a change in the control output signal from a midrange value, of at least one hundred percent of such midrange value as an early warning of low power condition.
19. A method according to claim 16, with said control output signal varying by at least about fifty percent as the supply voltage falls a small percent from its selected value, said method comprising sensing a change in the control output signal from a midrange value, of at least about three hundred percent as an early warning of lower power condition.
20. A method according to claim 16, with said control output signal varying by at least about fifty percent as the supply voltage falls a small percent below its selected value, and utilizing the sensing of said approach to limit condition to initiate a memory protection routine.
Description
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to portable battery powered systems and particularly to a battery system for portable devices capable of optimizig the performance of a rechargeable electrochemical storage medium while at the same time maximizing it useful life.
Portable computerized systems are presently being extensively utilized in a wide range of applications. For example, such systems may be utilized in delivery vehicles which are to be away from a central warehouse or the like for a major part of each working day. Recharging operations may take place in locations subject to extremes of temperature. It is particularly crucial to avoid an equipment failure where a portable device is a vital link to the completion of scheduled tasks at remote locations and the like. In such circumstances a loss of adequate battery power can be just as detrimental as any other malfunction.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
It is a basic objective of the present invention to provide a portable battery powered system of increased reliability and useful life.
An important feature of the invention resides in the provision of a portable system wherein the user can obtain a relatively accurate indication of the battery energy remaining available for use at any time during a portable operating cycle. Further, the user can be automatically alerted when battery capacity diminishes to a selected value, or when battery output voltage is at a selected marginal level.
For the sake of recharging of a battery system as rapidly as possible without detriment to an optimum useful life span, battery parameters including battery temperature can be monitored during a charging cycle and the battery charging current can be adjusted accordingly.
Since a battery may deteriorate when subjected to repeated shallow discharge and recharging cycles, according to the present invention, a count of such shallow charge cycles may be automatically maintained throughout the operating life of the battery system, such that deep discharge cycles may be effected as necessary to maintain desired performance standards.
Furthermore, according to another highly significant feature of the invention, automatically operating battery monitoring and/or conditioning circuitry may be secured with the battery pack for handling as a unit therewith. The monitoring circuitry may receive its operating power from the battery pack during storage or handling such that a total history of the battery pack may be retained for example in a volatile memory circuit where such type of memory otherwise provides optimum characteristics for a portable system. The conditioning circuitry may have means for effecting a deep discharge cycle, and concomitantly with the deep discharge cycle, a measure of actual battery capacity may be obtained. From such measured battery capacity and a continuous measurement of battery current during portable operation, a relatively accurate "fuel gauge" function becomes feasible such that the risk of battery failure during field operation can be essentially eliminated. The performance of a given type of battery in actual use can be accurately judged since the battery system can itself maintain a count of accumulated hours of use, and other relevant parameters.
In a simplified system currently in use, the conditioning system is incorporated in the portable utilization device such that the programmed processor of the utilizaton device may itself automatically effect a deep discharge conditioning cycle and/or a deep discharge capacity test. The deep discharge cycle may be effected at a controlled rate, such that the time for discharge from a fully charged condition to a selected discharge condition may itself represent a measure of battery capacity. Instead of directly measuring battery current during use, the programmed processor may maintain a measure of operating time and/or elapsed time during portable operation, so as to provide an indication of remaining battery capacity. A time measure of operating time may be utilized to automatically determine the time duration of the next charging cycle. When both a main battery and a backup battery are present, the operating time of each may be individually accumulated, and used to control the time duration of the respective recharging operations.
Additional features of a preferred commercial system include individual charging and discharging circuits for a main battery and a backup battery for reliable conditioning and operation of the backup battery independently of the state of the main battery. Desired parameters such as main battery voltage, backup battery voltage, ambient temperature (e.g. in the main battery case or in the battery compartment), and charging voltage may be obtained by means of an integrated circuit analog to digital converter, which thus replaces several comparators and many precision costly components of a prior implementation.
A feature generally applicable to voltage regulated power supplies resides in utilizing a regulator signal which departs markedly from its normal range as input voltage falls below a prescribed value. Such regulator signal may be utilized to switch to a different power source automatically, and/or to generate a suitable low power signal for external circuits, e.g. for controlling the issuance of a user-discernable low power warning. In a preferred implementation an operational amplifier supplies a current control signal which controls one or more current flow paths to maintain a desired regulated output voltage. A common saturation signal from the operational amplifier may result from a low power condition of any of several input sources which are connected to respective selectively activated regulator circuits. Where desired, a plurality of regulator circuits may be shifted from one setpoint voltage value to another by switching of the input circuitry of the operational amplifier, and the saturation signal will then represent a low power condition in relation to the other selected setpoint voltage value. The second regulated output voltage value may, for example, be desired in conjunction with a "power down" mode of battery powered equipment (e.g. CMOS dynamic memory circuits).
The invention will now be described, by way of example and not by way of limitation, with reference to the accompanying sheets of drawings; and other objects, features and advantages of the invention will be apparent from this detailed disclosure and from the appended claims.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
FIG. 1 is a somewhat diagrammatic perspective view of a portable battery powered device which may incorporate a battery system in accordance with the teachings and principles of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a somewhat diagrammatic enlarged longitudinal sectional view showing the battery compartment section and adjacent portions of the portable device of FIG. 1, with a battery pack assembly disposed in the battery compartment in operative coupling relationship with a central processing unit of the portable device for purposes of power supply to the central processing unit and for purposes of transmission of data and command signals;
FIG. 3 is a somewhat diagrammatic perspective view of a battery system in accordance with the teachings and principles of the present invention;
FIG. 4 is a perspective view similar to FIG. 3 but illustrating the battery system enclosed in a protective casing, to form a complete battery pack assembly for insertion into the battery compartment of the portable device, as a unit;
FIG. 5 shows a block diagram for explaining the cooperative relationship of the electronic parts of the particular portable computer terminal device and battery system shown in FIGS. 1 through 4, by way of example and not by way of limitation;
FIG. 6 shows a typical plot of permissible continuous overcharge rate as a function of temperature, for a particular type of rechargeable electrochemical energy storage cell, by way of example and not by way of limitation;
FIG. 7 is a plot of the effect of repetitive shallow cycling for the particular energy storage medium also represented by the plot of FIG. 6;
FIG. 8 is a plot of discharge characteristics for the particular energy storage medium also represented by the plots of FIGS. 6 and 7;
FIGS. 9A and 9B show a specific circuit implementation in accordance with the block diagram of FIG. 5, by way of example and not by way of limitation;
FIG. 10 is a flow diagram for illustrating an exemplary control program for carrying out analog to digital conversion of battery parameter values utilizing the particular exemplary circuit of FIGS. 9A and 9B;
FIG. 11 is a flow diagram illustrating the general battery processor control program utilized in conjunction with simplified system currently in use;
FIG. 12 is a block diagram of a simplified portable battery powered device in accordance with the present invention associated with a battery charger means, and also serves to illustrate a stationary battery conditioning system for spare battery packs;
FIG. 13 shows a specific implementation of the battery charge and deep discharge controller and monitor circuitry which is represented as a labeled rectangle in FIG. 12;
FIG. 14 is a flow diagram indicating the operating means for effecting an automatic discharge cycle with the specific circuitry of FIG. 13;
FIG. 15 shows a block diagram for illustrating an exemplary commercial implementation of the present invention;
FIG. 16A shows a portion of an electric circuit diagram for illustrating preferred implementations of a direct current to direct current converter, a main battery charging circuit, a backup battery charging circuit, and main and backup discharge circuits for such commercial implementation;
FIG. 16B shows a continuation of the electric circuit diagram of FIG. 16A to the right, and particularly illustrates preferred regulator circuitry, preferred low power detection circuitry, and the preferred association of an integrated circuit analog to digital converter means with a main battery means and a backup battery means, in accordance with a preferred commercial implementation of the present invention;
FIG. 17 is a flow diagram for illustrating the manner in which the power control circuitry of FIGS. 16A and 16B interacts with components 15-19 and 15-25 of FIG. 15 during operation of a preferred portable unit under battery power;
FIGS. 18A and 18B show actual measurements made on a circuit such as shown in FIG. 16B, for the case where there is no secondary backup battery present, and the main supply is decaying, the load current being about 250 milliamperes in FIG. 18A, and about 34 milliamperes in FIG. 18B; and
FIG. 19 shows regulating and low power sensing circuitry similar to that of FIG. 16B, and utilized in a later commercial embodiment.
DETAILED DESCRIPTION
FIG. 1 is a perspective view of a portable battery powered device to which the present invention may be applied. The device is generally indicated by reference numeral 10 and is of a size to be conveniently held in one hand while a keyboard generally indicated at 11 is manually actuated by means of one or more fingers of the other hand. Characters entered by means of the keyboard 11 are displayed on a panel 12 under the control of a microprocessor located generally as indicated at 14 in FIG. 2. At an end 15 of the portable device a battery receiving means or compartment is provided. Access to the battery compartment is obtained via a removable cover element 17. By unlatching and opening the cover element 17, a battery pack assembly such as indicated at 18 in FIG. 4 may be inserted into or removed from the battery compartment.
By way of example, the battery pack assembly 18 may be comprised of rechargeable nickel-cadmium battery cells such as indicated at 21 and 22 in FIG. 2. By way of example, four nickel-cadmium cells may supply a nominal output voltage of five volts and have a rated capacity of about 2.2 ampere-hours. By way of example, the central processing unit 14 of the portable device 10 may require an operating voltage of five volts plus or minus ten percent, so that a voltage regulator would be associated with the central processing unit so as to ensure an actual supply voltage within the range from 4.5 volts to 5.5 volts. The size and weight of the portable device together with the battery pack assembly 18 is such that the complete portable battery powered system can be held in one hand while the keyboard 11 is being operated with the fingers of the other hand.
In a typical use of the portable device 10, it is contemplated that the device may be used in an outdoor environment so as to be subject to a wide temperature range and relatively intensive daily use for example eight to ten hours per day. The battery pack assembly 18 is to be so designed as to have a maximum useful life even in such a stringent environment, thereby to ensure the maximum utility and reliability of the overall portable system as represented in FIG. 1.
For the sake of ensuring optimum reliability and usefulness of the overall system of FIG. 1, the battery pack assembly 18 includes digital processing circuitry 30 capable of data communication with the central processing unit 14 of the device 10. To this end, in the illustrated embodiment, as indicated in FIG. 3, the battery means 20 including the rechargeable battery cells carries therewith a printed circuit board 31 having flexible electrically conductive straps 41 through 46 which automatically make firm and reliable electrical contact with connector strips such as indicated at 51 of the terminal device 10. Two of the conductive straps of the set 41-46 may be connected with the opposite polarity terminals of the battery means 20
so as to supply battery voltage to the regulator means of the central processing unit 14. The remaining straps of the set 41-46 may sesrve to provide a communication channel between a battery processor unit of the processor circuitry 30 and the central processor unit 14 of the terminal device 10.
Referring to FIG. 4, the battery pack asssembly 18 may include an insulating casing part 60 which has an aperture at 60a in FIG. 4 for exposing the conductor straps 41 through 46 for resilient pressure engagement with respective cooperating terminal connectors such as indicated at 51 in FIG. 2. As indicated in FIG. 2, the dimensions of the battery compartment of the device 10 are closely matched to the dimensions of the battery pack assembly 18 so that the battery pack assembly 18 can only be fitted within the battery compartment in such a way that the straps 41 through 46 are in firm engagement with the respective terminal connectors such as 51.
From FIGS. 2, 3 and 4, it will be understood that the processor circuitry 30 including the conductive straps 41-46 is secured with the battery means 20 for removability from the battery compartment as a unit. Thus the battery pack assembly 18
has self-contained processor circuitry as indicated at 30. As will be explained hereinafter, this processor circuitry 30 is electrically coupled with the battery means 20 so as to receive operating power therefrom both while the battery means forms part of the portable system 10 and while the battery means is separate from the portable unit. Thus, even where the processor circuitry 30 is provided with a memory requiring a constant supply of power, data is not lost from the memory upon removal of the battery means from the portable device 10. Still further as will be hereinafter explained the processor circuitry 30 including its memory may be operable with a battery voltage substantially less than that required by the central processor unit 14, so that data is not lost from the memory of the processing circuitry of the battery pack assembly even where the battery means has been discharged so as to have a relatively low output voltage below the minimum required operating voltage for the central processing unit 14. In this way, the battery memory means is enabled to retain an operating history of a particular rechargeable battery pack over the entire life of such battery pack, while on the other hand the processor circuitry 30 is designed so as to require a minimum space beyond the outline configuration of the rechargeable battery cells themselves. In FIG. 2, it will be observed that the casing 60 is relatively closely spaced to the periphery of the battery cells such as 21 and 22 in comparison to the cross sectional dimensions of such battery cells, and that the processor circuitry 30 is of a width dimension as viewed in FIG. 2 so as to at least partially fit within a nitch such as indicated at 63 between the two sets of battery cells. Still further, such processor circuitry 30 is selected so as to provide an essentially minimal power drain on the battery means 20, such that the battery means may be stored for long periods of time without loss of the data stored in the battery memory means. For example, the processor circuitry 30 including its associated memory means may require only a few percent of the current required by the processing system of the portable unit 10. For example, a shelf life of from one to two months for the battery memory means is feasible.
DESCRIPTION OF FIG. 5
FIG. 5 illustrates an overall exemplary circuit diagram for the embodiment of FIGS. 1 through 4. In FIG. 5, reference numeral 71 indicates a terminal processor component including central processing unit 14 and associated memory circuits. Component 72 in FIG. 5 represents terminal display circuits which may be associated with the display screen 12 of FIG. 1. Terminal connectors such as 51 are also diagrammatically indicated and are shown as being electrically connected with the flexible straps 41 through 46, respectively, of the battery pack assembly.
In FIG. 5, the battery pack or rechargeable battery means is again generally designated by reference numeral 20, and the positive and negative output terminals of the battery means 20 are indicated as being connected with the terminal processor and memory circuits component 71 via electrically conductive straps 45 and 46.
Reference numeral 81 in FIG. 5 designates a digital interface component which serves for the coupling of the terminal processor of component 71 with a battery processor of component 82 of the battery pack assembly 18. Simply for the sake of example, communication between the battery processor of component 82 and the terminal processor of component 71 is indicated as taking place via three conductors which include respective conductive straps 41 through 43 of the battery pack assembly 18, FIG. 4. Further details of an exemplary digital interface circuit for implementing component 81 will be given in relation to a more detailed electric circuit diagram to be described hereinafter. For the sake of correlation with the detailed circuit to be later described, reference numeral 83 designates a voltage regulator and reset circuit. Component 83 serves to supply a regulated operating voltage to the component 82 as well as to circuits of the digital interface component 81 in a specific preferred implementation of the present invention to be described hereinafter. Component 82 in such specific example includes a memory which requires a continuous operating voltage in order to maintain a continuous history of the battery means 20. The reset circuitry of component 83 is a dapted to supply a RESET signal which serves to indicate that the memory means has had its operating voltage interrupted.
Components 91, 92 and 93 in FIG. 5 represent battery monitoring means operatively coupled with the battery means 20 for the purpose of obtaining quantitative measures of respective battery parameters. Where the respective parameter sensing means of components 91, 92 and 93 supply analog signals, digital to analog converter means may be associated with the monitor circuitry for the purpose of obtaining the quantitative parameter measurements in digital form. In a particular preferred arrangement to be hereafter described in detail, the battery processor of component 82 may supply digital reference signals via the line 95, and the digital reference value may be converted into a common analog reference signal for matching with the respective analog measurement values of components 91, 92 and 93. In this particular embodiment, comparator circuits may be included in components 91, 92 and 93 for comparing the respective analog measurement signals with the common analog reference value in a predetermined order, the logical output signals from the comparator means being supplied via lines 96, 96 and 98 to the processor means for signaling when the digitally generated analog reference signal has reached a level exceeding the analog measurement value being compared therewith. The digital measurement values so determined may be utilized as a basis for updating battery condtion information in the memory of component 82.
A battery charging voltage input is indicated by the symbol "+CHG". Battery charging current is supplied to the rechargeable battery means 20 via a battery charging current path which is controlled by a battery charging controller circuit 101
which may receive a digital battery charge control signal via line 102 in FIG. 5. According to a preferred embodiment to be described in detail hereafter, the battery charging current path further includes a battery current sensing means which forms part of component 92. The arrangement is preferably such that the battery current measured by component 92 during a charging operation does not include any charging current which may be supplied to the terminal device including components 71 and 72 in FIG. 5. Thus the battery processor of component 82 during a charging operation receives from component 92 a quantitative measure of actual charging current supplied to the battery means itself. A battery charging voltage monitor 103 is operatively coupled with the battery charging voltage input "+CHG" and is operative to supply a quantitative measure of battery charging voltage to the processor circuitry of component 82. For example, in a preferred arrangement, the digital reference value supplied by line 95 in FIG. 5 is utilized periodically to generate an analog reference value for comparison with the analog reading of battery charging voltage of component 103. In this case, a comparator circuit of component 103 signals via output line
104 when the analog reference value exceeds the currently occurring analog value of the battery charging voltage. Thus, during a battery charging cycle, the battery processor of component 82 is supplied with battery operating information from which an optimum battery charging current can be selected. In particular, by sensing battery temperature during the battery charging operation, it is possible to provide a battery system which is adaptable to operation under a wide range of environmental conditions while yet assuring optimum efficiency in carrying out a battery recharging operation.
For further assuring the optimum conditioning and maximum operating life of the battery system, FIG. 5 illustrates a battery deep discharge controller component 110 as being electrically connected with the battery means and being controlled by an input line 111 for effecting a deep discharge conditioning of the battery means 20 at suitable times during the operating life of the battery means. In accordance with the teachings of the present invention, during the deep discharge cycle of the battery means, battery current is continuously measured by the battery current monitoring component 92 so as to enable the battery processor and memory circuits of component 82 to derive a quantitative measure of the available capacity of the battery means. In a relatively simple determination of battery capacity, the battery means 20 may be first fully charged, and then subject to a deep discharge cycle wherein the battery means is discharged at a predetermined rate until such time as the battery means 20 exhibits a battery output voltage of a predetermined value, for example, four volts where components 71 and 72 of the terminal device require a minimum operating voltage of say 4.5 volts. By way of example if the battery means has a nominal rated capacity of 2.2 amp hours, the battery may be discharged at a rate of 220 milliamperes (battery capacity C divided by ten). In this case a deep discharge cycle would be completed within not more than about ten to twelve hours. (See FIG. 8 which represents the discharge characteristic of one nickel-cadmium cell.)
Charge current is coupled to the battery pack via conductive strap 44 of FIG. 5.
DESCRIPTION OF FIGS. 6 AND 7
By way of background, FIG. 6 is a plot illustrating maximum charge rate as a function of temperature. It will be observed that at relatively low temperatures, the permissible charging rate is relatively low. Thus a battery system adaptable to a wide range of environmental conditions, and yet utilizing a maximum charging rate is achieved when the charging rate can be adjusted according to quantitative measurement of battery temperature during the charging cycle.
Specifically for the case of a nickel-cadmium battery pack overcharging is the point at which the majority of charge current generates oxygen at the positive electrode rather than increasing the state of charge of the cell. This point occurs at approximately the 75% state of charge level. As oxygen is generated, the internal pressure of the cell increases, which ultimately determines the amount of overcharge the cell can withstand. The maximum allowable rate is a strong function of cell temperature. This is due to the fact that the generated oxygen must re-combine with cadmium at the negative electrode to pevent oxygen build-up and hence internal pressure increase. The rate of re-combination is dictated by cell temperature due to the viscosity of the electrolyte and the rate of the chemical reaction at the negative electrode. If the allowable over-charge rate for a given cell temperature is exceeded, the cell pressure may exceed the pressure relief valve safety level, causing venting and potentially expelling electrolyte, which drastically reduces cell life.
FIG. 7 illustrates the effect of repetitive shallow cycling on the output voltage of a given cell of a nickel-cadmium battery pack. Curves 121, 122 and 123 show the variation in output voltage over an operating cycle for repsective increasing numbers of shallow operating cycles. Specifically curve 121 shows the variation in output voltage over time in hours for shallow discharge cycle number 5, while curve 122 represents the corresponding variation at shallow cycle number 100 and curve 123
shows the result at cycle number 500. Not only does repetitive shallow discharge produce a voltage depression effect as illustrated in FIG. 7, but this type of operation of the battery pack also causes a gradual and consistent degradation of cell capacity.
DESCRIPTION OF FIG. 8
FIG. 8 illustrates the discharge characteristic for a nickel-cadmium cell. A deep discharge of the cell is considered to have taken place at region 124 where the output voltage begins to decrease relatively rapidly. A deep discharge cycle may be considered to have been effected when the cell voltage falls to a value of one volt, for example. A deep discharge, at a normal rate of battery usage, say battery capacity divided by twenty (C/20), might require more than twenty hours of portable operation without a recharging cycle.
DESCRIPTION OF FIGS. 9A AND 9B
FIGS. 9A and 9B illustrate a more detailed circuit implemenatation in accordance with the block diagram of FIG. 5. In FIG. 9A the battery pack is schematicaly indicated at 20 and is shown as having a precision resistance element 131 permanently in series therewith for the purpose of sensing battery current during charging and discharging operations. By way of example, element 131 may have a resistance value of one-tenth ohm with a preciion of one percent. The battery pack 20 also has associated therewith a precision voltage sensing arrangement comprising resistance elements 132 and 133. The resistance value of elements 132 and 133 in series is sufficiently high so that only a negligible battery current flows in this voltage sensing circuit. A battery temperature sensing transducer 134 is shown as being physically disposed in heat transfer relation to the battery pack 20. A precision resistance element 135 is shown in series with the transducer 134 for the purpose of supplying a voltage representative of battery temperature during a charging operation.
For the purpose of sensing charging voltage during a battery charging operation, precision resistance elements 136 and 137 are illustrated as being connected with the battery charging voltage input "+CHG". The resistance values of the voltage divider are selected such that the voltage across resistance element 137 will accurately represent the charging voltage during a battery charging operation. Analog to digital converter means is associated with the respective battery parameter sensing elements so as to convert the measurements into digital form. In the particular circuit embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 9A and 9B, this conversion operation is carried out with the use of programmed processor circuitry 140, FIG. 9B. The processor circuitry 140 controls an eight-bit R/2R ladder network 141 having an analog output at 142. The analog output line 142 is connected to comparators 151 through 154 shown in FIG. 9A and supplies a common analog reference voltage to the non-inverting inputs of these comparators. The inverting inputs 161 through 164 of the comparators 151 through 154 are coupled with the respective battery parameter sensing circuits. In a specific implementation, the processing circuitry 140 is implemented with a power supply voltage of three volts which may be obtained from a very accurate stable voltage reference supply/amplifier device 150. By utilizing a voltage reference as the power source for the processing circuitry 140, the output ports associated with the ladder network provide an accuracy comparable to that of a conventional digital to analog converter. In the particular embodiment illustrated there is a ninth bit in the most-significant bit location of the ladder network 141. This is provided so as to adapt the ladder network output at 142 to the input common mode voltage range of the comparators 151 thorugh 154. Under worst case conditions, the battery terminal voltage may reach 4.0 volts which limits the common mode input voltage to 2.5
volts, approximately. To achieve eight-bit resolution, the full digital to analog analog voltage range must be accommodated by the comparators 151 through 154. By configuring the digital to analog converter network 141 as a nine-bit ladder with the most significant bit a logic zero, the lower eight bits of the nine-bit ladder remain, giving a resultant digital to analog voltage range of: ##EQU1##
With this digital to analog converter as a building block a successive approximation analog to digital converter can be implemented with the voltage comparators 151 through 154 FIG. 9A and a straightforward microprocessor algorithm (as represented in FIG. 10).
The successive approximation algorithm depends on the assumption that the analog voltage being measured does not change appreciably during the conversion sequence. The nature of the exemplary application inherently has characteristics of slowly changing parameters with the exception of the discharge current, which can change abruptly and significantly. The solution to this potential difficulty is a low-pass filter amplifier which serves to integrate or average any rapidly changing current fluctuations.
Since the analog to digital converter has a convertion range of 0 to 1.497 volts, the four analog signals to be measured must be scaled appropriately to yield a convenient step resolution by offering measurability over the necessary range of values. The scaling values and step resolutions may be selected as follows:
1. Channel 0: Charge voltage
step resolution =80 mv
maximum range: 20.40 volts
2. Channel 1: Discharge current step resolution=2 ma maximum range: 510 ma
3. Channel 2: Battery terminal voltage step resolution=25 mv maximum range: 6.375 volts
4. Channel 3: Battery temperature step resolution=2.degree.K. maximum range: 509K=236.degree. C.
Particularly in the case of channel two it might be noted that a four-cell nickel-cadmium battery pack can have a terminal voltage that exceeds 6.375 volts, which is the maximum range of channel two. In the present example, however, no additional useful information would be provided if the battery processor could determine when battery voltage exceeded 6.375 volts.
As previously mentioned, battery discharge current is subject to rapid fluctuations. Accordingly, the channel one current monitor means includes an integration circuit as indicated at 170 in FIG. 9A. The integration circuit 170 has its input connected with the current sensing resistance element 131 and its output connected with input line 163 of comparator 153, FIG. 9A.
Referring to FIG. 9A, an implementation of the battery charging controller 101 of FIG. 5 comprises an analog control line 171 leading to an inverting input of a comparator 172 which controls a battery charging current regulating circuit 173. The battery charging current is controlled by the processor circuitry 140, FIG. 9B, with the use of an additional four bit R/2R ladder network 174. The ladder network 174 supplies an analog command signal via line 171 for controlling components 172 and 173. Thus, the analog command signal can have one of sixteen discrete voltage levels. The output voltage range is from zero volts to 15/16 times the reference voltage level or 2.81 volts, with steps of 187.5 millivolts.
An operational amplifier 176, FIG. 9A, is coupled with the battery current sensing resistor 131 and provides an amplification such that a voltage step of 187.5 millivolts at input 171 of comparator 172, FIG. 9A, is matched by a battery current step of thirty-two milliamperes in resistance element 131. Thus, for a battery current in element 131 of thirty-two milliamperes, a voltage at output line 177 of 187.5 millivolts is supplied to the non-inverting input of comparator 172. The minimum charge current level is theoretically zero; however, finite input offset voltages present in the amplifier 176 predict a potential zero level charge current of six milliamperes maximum. This is insignificant when it is recognized that the only time the zero level charge value will be selected is during the deep cycle function when much larger current levels will be drained from the battery.
In the illustrated battery charging current regulating circuit 173, three power transistors in parallel have separate base resistors for balancing unequal device parameters and ensuring equal current and power dissipation sharing between the devices. A major design consideration in the illustrated embodiment is the power dissipation of the current regulator 173 coupled with the heat associated with the battery pack 20 during the charging cycle, especially during the overcharge portion of the charge cycle which occurs after the battery reaches approximately seventy-five percent of its maximum charge capacity. To retain compatibility with existing charging circuits, the regulated charger 172, 173 must be capable of operating with input charge voltage levels of at least twelve volts. In some instances, the applied charge voltage might exceed eighteen volts. The dissipation is the regulator devices of circuit 173 is given by the equation:
Given worst case conditions:
V.sub.CHG =18 volts
V.sub.BATT =4 volts
I.sub.CHG =480 ma
P.sub.d =(18-4) (0.48)=6.72 watts.
It is clear that 6.72 watts exceeds the power dissipation capacity of even three transistors in regulator network 173, and would generate excessive heat within an enclosed unit even if the transistors could handle the charge voltage input. Since the battery voltage is known and the charge current level is selected by the processor circuitry 140, the resultant power dissipation can be directly controlled by the processor circuit 140. This means that essentially constant power operation of the transistors of network 173 can be achieved when high charge voltage conditions exist. If the charge voltage input is reduced to a more efficient level, higher charge currents are possible when conditions permit. The minimum charge voltage input that would still give proper constant current regulation is approximately 7.0 volts, which would result in minimum power dissipation.
According to the teachings of the present invention, the battery pack 20 is to be subjected periodically to a deep discharge cycle, in order that the battery pack can maintain its full rated capacity and exhibit maximum operating life. A suggested discharge cycle to meet this requirement is discharging the battery at a C/10 rate to a terminal voltage of 4.0 volts for a four-cell configuration. A discharge control circuit for this purpose is indicated at 180 in FIG. 9A, the control input
181 being controlled from the processor circuitry 140 as indicated in FIG. 9B.
A deep discharge of battery pack 20 would not normally occur in the typical usage contemplated for the illustrated embodiment since normally the battery pack and associated portable system is used less than fourteen hours per day, while the design operating time for the battery pack is typically twenty hours. Furthermore, most logic devices and LSI circuits such as those utilized to implement component 71 of FIG. 5, will not function at 4.0 volts. The illustrated embodiment performs the deep discharge function by switching a resistive load 182, FIG. 9A, across the battery 20 that causes current to be drained out at a predetermined rate, typically C/10. During the deep discharge cycle, not only is the battery conditioned, but further, according to the teachings of the present invention, the available capacity of the battery is measured. By measuring the available capacity of the battery, a battery "life history" can be maintained that has important diagnostic potential. If the available capacity begins to decrease past predetermined values, the user can be alerted, for example, via the terminal display circuits component 72, FIG. 5, before a fault of field failure occurs. The battery current sensor element 131 and integrator circuit 170 may be utilized to measure battery capacity during the deep discharge cycle.
In order to allow the battery to be discharged down to a deep discharge level corresponding to an output voltage of 4.0 volts, an auxilliary power source should be available to power the logic in the portable terminal device of FIG. 5 during the deep discharge cycle. A power regulator circuit may be built into the portable terminal device that regulates 5.0 volts from either the battery 20 or the charge voltage input terminal "+CHG", whichever is higher in potential. The net result of this power control arrangement is to completely remove the terminal load from the battery whenever the system receives power from a charger. For the case of a portable terminal device having data in a volatile memory, it is necessary that the charge voltage input not be interrupted during a deep cycle sequence. A message at the display 12, FIG. 1, can inform the user that the deep cycle sequence is in progress and that the terminal device should not be used until the cycle is completed. To minimize the impact of this operation on the user, the deep cycle function including a full discharge followed by a normal charge cycle will be initiated by the application program in the terminal device so that a convenient non-interferring time can be selected for this relatively long duration function, for example, over a weekend.
The key to utilizing the functional capabilities of the battery processor 140 is to provide for digital communication between the battery processor and the terminal processor circuitry. A digital interface 81 has been indicated in FIG. 5 for this purpose and exemplary detailed circuitry in FIG. 9B has been given the same reference numeral. The interface 81 may process the following three data signals:
1. BPCLK: Battery Processor Clock (from terminal)
2. BPWDATA: Battery Processor Write Data (from terminal)
3. BPRDATA: Battery Processor Read Data (from battery processor).
These three signals are protected from damage by static discharge by means of one hundred kilohm resistors in line with each input or output. The battery processor interface utilizes voltage comparators 191, 192 and 193 which are relatively immune to static damage. At the terminal, CMOS devices are used, therefore 4.7 volts Zener diodes are provided to further protect these more sensitive components. The voltage comparators 191, 192 and 193 perform the additional function of level conversion between the battery processor operating at 3.0 volts and the terminal logic operating at 5.0 volts. The open collector outputs of the comparators are pulled up by resistors connected to the appropriate power supply to ensure proper logic levels in either direction.
The communication protocol is based on the terminal processor controlling data transfers by issuing a clocking signal to the battery processor. The battery processor has the capability of requesting service by causing an interrupt to the terminal processor when it pulls the BPRDATA signal from its rest "1" condition to a "0". This signal has a resistor pull down on the terminal side of the interface, so an interrupt will automatically occur whenever the battery pack is removed from the terminal.
It is recognized that complete discharge of the battery can occur. In this case, information stored in the battery processor circuitry 140 will be lost but the system must be able to restore itself and properly recover and recharge the battery. To ensure such recovery, a voltage comparator 195 monitors the 3.0 volt power supply 150 and forces a RESET condition if the voltage supplied to the processor goes out of range. When the battery pack is again placed on charge, the battery processor circuitry 140 will restart and the control program will re-establish execution and control of the battery system.
Where the battery pack assembly 18 could be accidentally inserted upside-down, and reverse the electrical connections, to prevent damage or operational faults, the interface signals are shown as being arranged so that no high powered signals are connected to other high powered signals if reversed. All reversed connections terminate through the 100 kilohm protection resistors at the strap conductors 41-44, limiting currents to safe levels.
By way of example, processor circuitry 140 may be implemented by means of a single chip microprocessor such as the MC146805F2 which is a high performance CMOS derivative of the MC6805, with a reduced pinout arrangement that allows packaging in the JEDEC standard twenty-eight pin leadless chip carrier. Features of this device include:
1. Operation at V.sub.CC =3.0 V
2. Low power standby "sleep" mode with self wake-up
3. External interrupt
4. Miniature package
5. CMOS port structure
6. On chip clock oscillator.
By way of example, a one megahertz crystal is indicated at 196 in association with the clock oscillator terminals of circuitry 140.
DESCRIPTION OF FIG. 10
FIG. 10 illustrates a successive approximation algorithm for carrying out analog to digital conversion with respect to one of the battery parameters sensed by the circuitry of FIG. 9A.
By way of specific example, if a battery charging operation is to take place and if the charge voltage at "+CHG" is 14.385 volts, then the voltage at input 164 of comparator 154 will have a value of 1.050 volts. Thus, at the start of a conversion operation for obtaining a digital measurement of charge voltage, as represented at 10-1 in FIG. 10, the analog voltage at the reference input line 142 will be at zero volts, and the output of comparator 154, designated AN0 (channel 0) will be at a logical zero level.
As represented at block 10-2 in FIG. 10, for the case of an eight-bit digital to analog converter network 141 as previously described, a variable n is initially assigned a value seven. According to step 10-3, a logical one value is thus assigned to the highest order output port of processor 140. The result is that the reference line 142 receives an analog output voltage corresponding to 2.sup.7 or 128 voltage increments (about 0.751 volts). Since the analog reference value at line 142, FIG.
9A, is still less than the analog voltage at line 164, comparator 154 continues to supply a logical zero signal to the processor 140.
According to the block 10-4 of FIG. 10, the comparator output logic level is read by the processor, and according to decision block 10-5 where the comparator output is at a logical zero, processing continues via block 10-6 to block 10-7, whereby the variable n is assigned the new value six.
Thereupon, upon return to step 10-3, a logical one signal is produced at the second highest order output port of processor circuit 140, so that a total of 192 voltage increments is supplied at analog reference line 142 (a voltage of about 1.127
volts). If the voltage level at line 164, FIG. 9A, is 1.050 volts, then the voltage level at line 142 now exceeds the voltage level at line 164, and the output of comparator 154 is at a logical one level. Accordingly at the decision step 10-5, the program branches to block 10-8, whereby the bit with the weight of 2.sup.6 is set to a logical zero value. Then according to step 10-6 and step 10-7, the variable n is set to five, and according to step 10-3 the bit with the weight of 2.sup.5 is set to a logical one value. Accordingly, analog reference line 142 receives a voltage of 160 voltage units (b 0.939 volts). Since the analog reference level at line 142 is now less than the analog value at line 164, comparator 154 supplies a logical zero signal, and processing continues through steps 10-4, 10-5 and 10-6. Next according to step 10-7, the variable n is set to a value of four, and so on. When finally the bit having a weight of 2.sup.0 has been set by the procedure of FIG. 10, the program branches to 10-9, and the analog input value at 164, FIG. 9A, has been converted into a corresponding digital value which may be stored in the memory of component 140 for further processing.
DESCRIPTION OF TABLES A AND B
On the following pages a Table A and a Table B pertaining to the battery processor component 82, FIG. 5, are set forth. In Table A, various suggested hexadecimal (HEX) codes are set forth which may be utilized in conjunction with the keyboard 11
(FIG. 1), for transmitting commands to the battery processor. In the case of hexadecimal codes 30 (HEX) through 35 (HEX), the requested battery information is transmitted by the battery processor via the digital interface 81, FIG. 5, for display on the terminal display screen 12, FIG. 1.
Table B illustrates the type of data which may be stored at respective memory locations of the memory circuits of component 82, FIG. 5. While the Tables are considered self-explanatory, a few comments on Table B are presented subsequent to the Tables:
TABLE A ______________________________________ BATTERY PROCESSOR: COMMAND FORMAT CODE (HEX) FUNCTION ______________________________________ 00 Error recovery RESET 01 Read STATUS (one byte returned) 02 RESET ALL, Begin history 10 Read analog channel 0 11 Read analog channel 1 one byte 12 Read analog channel 2 returned 13 Read analog channel 3 20 Set low reserve alert point (one byte sent) 21 Set low voltage alert point (one byte sent) 22 Set minimum capacity alert (one byte sent) 30 Read fuel gauge (one byte returned) 31 Read maximum available capacity (one byte returned) 32 Read charge cycle count (two bytes returned) 33 Read deep cycle count (two bytes returned) 34 Read accumulated hours used (two bytes returned) 35 Read use history indicator (four bytes returned) 40 Initiate deep cycle function ______________________________________
TABLE B ______________________________________ BATTERY PROCESSOR: DATA DEFINITIONS STATUS: ##STR1## ANALOG VALUES: ##STR2## CH. 0: CHARGE VOLTAGE, 80 mV/STEP, 20.4 VOLTS MAX CH. 1: DISCHARGE CURRENT, 2 ma/STEP, 510 ma MAX CH. 2: BATTERY TERMINAL VOLTAGE, 25 mV/STEP 6,375 VOLTS MAX CH. 3: BATTERY TEMPERATURE, 2.degree. K./STEP (ABSOLUTE) LOW RESERVE ALERT POINT: ##STR3## 8-BIT VALUE, 1 .ltoreq. LOW RESERVE ALERT POINT .ltoreq. 99 DEFAULT VALUE: 20 = 14(HEX) (20% RESERVE) SCALED BY BATTERY PROCESSOR AS % C REMAINING WHEN LOW RESERVE INTERRUPT GIVEN TO TERMINAL PROCESSOR LOW VOLTAGE ALERT POINT: ##STR4## 8-BIT VALUE, 1 .ltoreq. LOW VOLTAGE ALERT POINT .ltoreq. 255 DEFAULT VALUE 190 = 0BE(HEX) (4.75 VOLTS) SCALED BY BATTERY PROCESSOR AS 25 mV/STEP MINIMUM CAPACITY ALERT: ##STR5## 8-BIT VALUE, 0 .ltoreq. MINIMUM ALERT .ltoreq. 255 10 ma - HR/STEP, 2550 ma - HR MAX. DEFAULT VALUE: 0 (ESSENTIALLY DISABLED) WHEN MAXIMUM AVAILABLE CAPACITY (AS MEASURED BY DEEP CYCLE FUNCTION) DECREASES TO THIS LEVEL, AN INTERRUPT ALERT IS GIVEN TO THE TERMINAL PROCESSOR MAXIMUM AVAILABLE CAPACITY (C): ##STR6## 8-BIT VALUE, 0 .ltoreq.C .ltoreq. 255 10 ma - HR/STEP, 2550 ma - HR/MAX. MEASURED AND SET DURING DEEP DISCHARGE FUNCTION DEFAULT VALUE: 100 = 64(HEX) CHARGE CYCLE COUNT: ##STR7## 16-BIT VALUE, INITIALIZED TO 0 COUNTS NUMBER OF CHARGE CYCLES INITIATED DEEP CYCLE COUNT: ##STR8## 16-BIT VALUE, INITIALIZED TO 0 COUNTS NUMBER OF DEEP DISCHARGE- RECHARGE CYCLES ACCUMULATED HOURS: ##STR9## 16-BIT VALUE, INITIALIZED TO 0 COUNTS ACTUAL HOURS OF USE DELIVERING CURRENT USE HISTORY INFORMATION:(4 BYTES) ##STR10## 8-BIT VALUE, COUNTS NUMBER OF TIMES OVER VOLTAGE ON CHARGE EXPERIENCED ##STR11## 8-BIT VALUE, COUNTS NUMBER OF TIMES TEMP EXCEEDED 45.degree. c. DURING CHARGE ##STR12## 8-BIT VALUE, AVERAGE DEPTH OF DISCHARGE DURING USE, % C. ##STR13## 8-BIT VALUE, CHANGE IN AVAILABLE CAPACITY FROM MAXIMUM OBSERVED FUEL GAUGE; ##STR14## 8-BIT VALUE, 0 .ltoreq. FUEL GAUGE VALUE .ltoreq. 100 SCALED BY BATTERY PROCESSOR AS % C REMAINING ______________________________________
Referring to the STATUS word of Table B, for a new battery pack for example, for which no prior history has been recorded, bit zero of the STATUS word would be placed in a logical one condition representing a cold start of battery history. The remaining bits of the STATUS word could be at a logical zero level.
Various of the storage locations represented in Table B have default values which the locations receive in the absence of a particular selected value at the time of start up. For example, a LOW RESERVE ALERT POINT register would be set at a hexadecimal (HEX) value representing an alert point corresponding to a remaining capacity of the battery of 20% of its rated capacity. Thus, in the absence of a different setting, the battery processor would transmit an interrupt to the terminal processor (indicated at 71 in FIG. 5) when the battery had been discharged to such an extent that only a 20% reserve of capacity remained.
The CHARGE CYCLE COUNT of Table B, on the other hand, would be initialized to zero.
While the essential features of the invention will be fully understood from the foregoing description, it is proposed to include hereinafter certain further exemplary details concerning a specific implementation of an illustrative overall battery system. It should be understood, however, that the scope of the invention is defined by the claims hereof, and that specific details are given solely by way of example and not by way of limitation. An embodiment of the invention as defined in the claims is readily implemented by one of ordinary skill in the art without reference to the following elaboration.
Applicant would emphasize that the various features of the invention have substantial utility when practiced separately. For example, a non-rechargeable battery system with means for monitoring battery discharge current and automatically alerting the user when battery energy has been reduced to a selected value would have important utility independent of other features. A simplification of the disclosed portable system could be made by utilizing a non-portable system to insert a measured value of battery capacity into the memory of the battery system after each deep discharge cycle. For example the deep discharge and charging cycles might be controlled by a separate non-portable computer system at a central charging station. This computer system might be capable of communication with the memory of the battery system for inserting an accurate actual measurement of battery capacity. For the case of a central computer controlled charging station, the central computer could interrogate the memory of the battery system for relevant battery history and then selectively determine a suitable charging voltage and charging current. At selected times, the central computer could determine that the battery should be fully charged and then deep discharged to measure its acutal capacity.
DESCRIPTION OF FIG. 11
FIG. 11 is a flow chart showing the general control program for the battery processor. During start of the system as represented by block 11-1 various storage locations of the memory of component 82, FIG. 5, may be initialized.
With respect to decision block 11-2, the battery processor, for example, may interrogate the battery charging voltage monitor 103, FIG. 5, to determine if a charging voltage is present. If a charging voltage is present, control branches as indicated at 11-3 and 11-4 to obtain the optimum value of battery charging current. Otherwise as represented by blocks 11-5 and 11-6, the battery processor effects the monitoring of battery parameters so as to update the battery information of Table B at suitable intervals.
As represented by decision block 11-7, upon receipt of an interrupt, the battery processor determines if the source of the interrupt signal was the battery processor timer, in which case control returns to decision block 11-2. On the other hand if the source of the interrupt signal was a communication from the keyboard 11 of terminal device 10, processing continues as indicated at 11-8. The respective command types pursuant to blocks 11-9 through 11-11 correspond to the respective code groups of Table A. Following execution according to block 11-11, the control program returns to block 11-2.
DESCRIPTION OF TABLES C AND D
Exemplary circuit components and resistance and capacitance values for FIGS. 9A and 9B are shown in the following TABLES C and D.
TABLE C ______________________________________ (FIG. 9A) ______________________________________ Comparator 172 LM10B Transistors T.sub.1, T.sub.2, T.sub.3 ZTX750 Resistors R.sub.a, R.sub.b, R.sub.c 2.2 kilohms, each Schottky Diodes D.sub.1, D.sub.2, D.sub.3 IN5819 Circuit 180 Darlington NPN Resistors 182 47 ohms, 1/2 watt, each Resistor 132 32.4 kilohms, 1% Resistor 133 10 kilohms, 1% Transducer 134 AD 590 Battery 20 2.2 ampere hour four cells .times. 1/2 D Polytemp Nickel-Cadmium Resistor 131 .1 ohm, 1% Amplifier of 170 CA 3260 Resistor R.sub.d 29.4 kilohms, 1% Capacitor C.sub.a .1 microfarad Resistor R.sub.e 1 kilohm, 1% Amplifier 176 CA 3260 Resistor R.sub.f 57.6 kilohm, 1% Capacitor C.sub.f .1 microfarad Resistor R.sub.i 1 kilohm, 1% Resistor 135 2.94 kilohm, 1% Resistor 136 127 kilohms, 1% Resistor 137 10 kilohms, 1% Comparators 151-154 LM 339 ______________________________________
TABLE D ______________________________________ (FIG. 9B) ______________________________________ Voltage Regulator 150 LM10B Resistor R.sub.1 10 kilohms, 1% Resistor R.sub.2 140 kilohms, 1% Crystal 196 1 megahertz Resistor R.sub.3 10
megohms Resistors R.sub.4, R.sub.5, R.sub.6, R.sub.8 100 kilohms each Resistor R.sub.7 20 kilohms Comparators 191-193 LM 339 Resistors R.sub.9, R.sub.10, R.sub.11 100 kilohms each Comparator 195 LM 339 Resistor R.sub.12 100 kilohms Capacitor C.sub.1 .1 microfarad Resistor R.sub.13 10 kilohms, 1% Resistor R.sub.14 127 kilohms, 1% Resistors R.sub.15-18 100 kilohms, each R Resistance Values 100 kilohms, 1%, each 2R Resistance Values 200 kilohms, 1%, each Resistor R.sub.19 10 kilohms Processor Circuit 140 MC 146805F2 ______________________________________
DESCRIPTION OF FIG. 12
FIG. 12 illustrates a simplified embodiment of a portable battery powered system in accordance with the present invention. Reference numeral 12-10 represents a portable utilization device which may have the same appearance and characteristics as described for the device 10 shown in FIG. 1. Thus the device 12-10 may have a terminal display circuit 12-12 associated with a display region such as indicated at 12 in FIG. 1 and may include processor and memory circuits 12-14 including a microprocessor located generally as indicated at 14 in FIG. 2. Battery charge and deep discharge controller and battery condition monitor circuitry 12-18 could correspond with the circuitry previously described in FIGS. 5, 9A and 9B, with the difference that the circuitry is permanently associated with the portable device 10 and is located in a space adjacent to space 14 of FIG. 2 rather than being a permanent part of the battery pack as indicated in FIGS. 3 and 4. Thus, in the embodiment of FIG. 12 a rechargable battery means is indicated at 12-20 and may comprise four nickel-cadmium cells supplying a nominal output voltage of five volts and having the characteristics previously described including those indicated in FIGS. 6, 7 and 8. In the simplified embodiment of FIG. 12, however, the rechargable battery means 12-20 is readily detachable from the circuitry 12-18 so as to be removable and replaceable without disturbing circuitry 12-18. By way of example circuitry 12-18 may be installed on a separate board which fits within the housing of the device 10 of FIG. 1 in the same way as the microprocessor board located at 14 in FIG. 2. In FIG. 12, small circles have been applied to represent a quick disconnect coupling between components 12-14
and 12-18. Thus, the terminal conductors of component 12-14 may be readily disconnected at 12-21 from the circuitry 12-18 and connected instead to output devices such as indicated at 51 in FIGS. 2 and 5, so that components 12-12 and 12-14 may be readily adapted to cooperate with the battery system of FIGS. 3 and 4 including the circuitry of FIGS. 9A and 9B.
For the simplified embodiment of FIG. 12, conventional spring type coupling has been indicated at 12-22 between circuitry 12-18 and battery means 12-20, so that a conventional battery pack is automatically coupled with the circuitry 12-18 when inserted into the portable device 12-10. By way of example, device 12-10 may correspond essentially to a portable data terminal of Norand Corporation identified as the NT 121 data terminal, modified to include component 12-18 and receiving a conventional nickel cadmium battery pack by means of a releasable coupling at 12-22 corresponding to that utilized in the commercial device. In the commercial system, the battery pack may be charged by coupling of component 12-14 to a battery charger means such as indicated at 12-24, for example by means of a plug and socket coupling indicated at 12-25. Component 12-14 when associated with a battery charger means may supply a charging voltage output (+CHG) as indicated in association with terminal
44 in FIG. 5, while component 12-14 may receive battery output voltage (V+, ground) from the battery means 12-20 via circuitry 12-18, as indicated in association with terminals 45 and 46 in FIG. 5. In an embodiment corresponding to that previously described, circuitry 12-18 would correspond to components 81, 82, 83, 91, 92, 93, 101, 103, and 110 of FIG. 5, for example. In a simplified specific embodiment, component 12-18 may utilize circuitry such as illustrated in FIG. 13.
DESCRIPTION OF FIG. 13
FIG. 13 illustrates a specific battery charge and deep discharge controller and battery condition monitor circuit corresponding to component 12-18 of FIG. 12. The circuit 13-10 of FIG. 13 may be implemented as a printed circuit board for insertion into the previously mentioned model 121 portable data terminal such as illustrated in FIG. 1. For the sake of correlating the circuit of FIG. 13 with the illustration of FIG. 12, the terminals at the right hand side in FIG. 13 have been designated 12-21a through 12-21f to indicate there correlation with the quick diconnect coupling indicated at 12-21 in FIG. 12 between components 12-14 and 12-18.
For the specific commercial device previously identified, terminal 12-21a receives charging current of 0.66 amperes from a constant current circuit of component 12-14 which in turn is energized from battery charger means 12-24. Terminal 12-21a is thus designated by the notation "CHARGE".
Terminal 12-21b at the right in FIG. 13 receives a logical control signal from component 12-14. For example, with terminal 12-21b in a high potential condition, the charging current through transistor Q9 is at a value corresponding to rated capacity in ampere hours divided by 8.3 hours (C/8.3 amperes). With terminal 12-21b at a low logical potential level, the charging current has a value of full capacity divided by 100 (C/100). Switch 13-11 provides over temperature protection and may operate at a temperature 55 degress centigrade.
Comparator 13-12 may sense an over-voltage condition and may receive a reference input of 2.000 volts at its upper inverting input.
Terminal 12-21b is designated by the legend "CHARGE CONTROL" and may be controlled from the programmed processor of component 12-14.
Battery 12-20 has been indicated in FIG. 13 operatively engaged with coupling elements which are indicated at 12-22a and 12-22b. The battery 12-20 is coupled by a terminal 12-21c and 12-21d with the component 12-14 for supplying operating power to the portable device during normal operation thereof.
Terminals 12-21e and 12-21f are utilized to effect an automatic deep discharge cycle. When terminal 12-21f is at a logical low potential state, terminal 12-21e provides a signal LB1 which in the high logical potential condition represents a low battery condition as sensed by comparator 13-14.
When terminal 12-21f is at a logical high potential condition, transistor Q7 is turned on, so as to activate the constant current discharge circuit including component 13-15. By way of example, the discharge of battery 12-20 may be at a rate of full capacity divided by five hours (C/5.amperes). During discharge operation, comparator 13-20 is active and provides a logical high potential signal (LB2) when a discharge value of battery potential, for example 3.8 volts, has been detected. For the specific battery referred to, comparator 13-12 may be activated at a voltage value of 6.2 volts, and then be reset when battery voltage is reduced to a value of 5.4 volts. Comparator 13-14 may be activated at a low battery voltage value of 4.65 volts, and be reset when the battery 12-20 has been charged above a voltage value of 5.4 volts. Comparator 13-20 may be activated at a discharge voltage value of 3.8 volts and then be reset when the battery 12-20 has been recharged to a voltage value above 5.4
volts, for example.
Terminal 12-21e is designated with the legend "LB1/LB2) and the terminal 12-21f is labeled with the legend "DISCHARGE".
By way of example, it will be apparent that the system of FIG. 12 may serve as a stationary battery conditioning system for removably receiving spare battery packs. Such a system could correspond to that illustrated in FIG. 1, but with the housing of device 10 permanently fastened to a stationary supporting frame. Conveniently, a removable cover such as 17 could be replaced by a quick access lid with a simple hinge, or the battery space for a conventional battery pack could be simply left open. Of course, a corresponding circuit could be made with heavier parts of the like specifically for stationary operation.
DESCRIPTION OF FIG. 14
FIG. 14 illustrates exemplary automatic operation of the system of FIGS. 12 and 13 in conducting a test of battery capacity. When a portable system 12-10 is plugged into battery charger means 12-24, a deep discharge and recharge of the battery may be carried out. Such a procedure should be performed at least once a month to maintain the storage capacity of the battery. With the battery 12-20 fully recharged, a capacity measurement function as indicated in FIG. 14 may be performed when convenient. In the illustrated embodiment, the result of the capacity test is an indication of a percentage equal to the discharge time observed during a deep discharge cycle divided by eight hours. A value exceeding eighty percent may indicate that the batteries are still functioning adequately.
Referring to FIG. 14, a capacity test may be initiated by pressing the ENTER KEY, FIG. 1, in response to the prompt CAPACITY TEST? appearing at the display 12. By way of example, this prompt may appear once a conditioning discharge of the battery has been completed. Alternatively, selection of the capcity test function may automatically cause the battery to be discharge and fully charged before the actual capacity test steps of FIG. 14 are automatically carried out. In this case, step
14-2 might read: BATTERY DEEP DISCHARGED AND FULLY RECHARGED?
In the illustrated embodiment, step 14-2 may correspond with waiting until a battery charge timer indicates full charge by decrementing to zero from 780 minutes.
Once the battery is fully recharged, the operating system reads the current time as a starting time for the deep discharge cycle.
According to step 14-4, component 12-14 supplies a logical high potential signal to terminal 12-21f, FIG. 13 to initiate a further deep discharge cycle.
In executing step 14-5, the operating system of component 12-14 monitors terminal 12-21e of FIG. 13 for a logical high potential signal indicating that the battery has been discharged to a discharge level of for example 3.8 volts.
According to step 14-6, when a logical high potential signal appears at terminal 12-21e, the current time is read from a clock of component 12-14 as the "LB2 TIME".
By step 14-7, a logical low potential signal is supplied to terminal 12-21f to turn off the discharge circuit, and a logical high potential signal is supplied to terminal 12-21b to initiate a fast recharge of the battery.
For step 14-8, the processor of component 12-14 obtains the difference between the LB2 TIME and the starting time, as a measure of the time required for the deep discharge cycle. Where with a battery in good condition the deep discharge cycle requires eight hours, the calculation of step 14-8 obtains the percentage value of the observed deep discharge time in comparison to a discharge time of either hours.
Pursuant to step 14-9, component 12-14 may cause the calculated deep discharge time to be displayed at the display means 12 of FIG. 1. For example, if the observed deep discharged time were six hours, the display might show: "BATT PERCENT =75".
An outline of a battery discharge subroutine (PSBAT1P) for the commercial model 121 portable data terminal is set forth on the following pages, followed by a program listing of this subroutine.
DESCRIPTION OF AN EXEMPLARY COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR AN EMBODIMENT ACCORDING TO FIGS. 12-14
A battery discharge program has been written and is in use for the model 121 portable data unit which has been described in connection with FIGS. 12-14 of the present drawings.
The system as represented in FIG. 12, comprises operating means including a NSC-800 processor and real time clock, automatically operating according to FIG. 14 under the control of the subroutine which is known as PSBAT1P. A copy of user guide specification for this subroutine is as follows:
COPY OF USER GUIDE SPECIFICATION FOR THE SUBROUTINE PSBAT1P
SUBROUTINE: PSBAT1P
This subroutine has no parameters. In order to access it, it must be declared in the EXTERNALS section of a program, and then linked to the program, according to the conventions of the development system.
General Description
PSBAT1P is a PL/N battery discharge subroutine written for the NT121 data terminal. This subroutine performs two functions:
1) It performs a deep discharge and recharge of the terminal.
2) It measures the storage capacity of the NICAD batteries by timing the time required to discharge the batteries when fully charged.
The capacity test takes twice as long to execute as the simple discharge and recharge function. This is because the batteries must be discharged and charged before the actual capacity test can be performed. The result of the capacity time is a percentage equal to the discharge time divided by eight hours. A value exceeding 80% indicates the batteries are still functioning adequately.
The deep discharge and charge function should be performed at least once a month to maintain the storage capacity of the batteries. The capacity measurement function may be performed when convenient.
It is required that the NT121 remain on charge while the subroutine is executing. If it is taken off charge, an error message will be displayed and program execution will stop. Volatile data in the 121 will be maintained during the deep discharge provided that the unit is not taken off charge while in the low battery mode.
Power-up
When IPSDISP has been called from a main program the following message will be seen in the display:
Prompt:
BATT. DISCHARGER
IPSDISP Vx.x
Action:
Press <ENTER> to proceed or press <SKIP> to halt program execution and return to the monitor program.
Prompt: EXIT PROGRAM?
Action:
Press <ENTER> if it is desired that program execution is to be terminated or press <SKIP> to proceed.
Prompt: CAPACITY TEST?
Action:
To measure the capacity of the batteries, press <ENTER>. Press <SKIP> if this is not desired.
Prompt: CURR TIME:hhmmss
Action:
The current time is displayed in HHMMSS format. If no change in the time is desired just press <ENTER>. Otherwise enter the desired time in HHMMSS format. No mod checks are performed on this newly entered time. Make sure that the unit is on charge. This test will terminate if the 121 is removed from the not placed back on charge within 30 seconds.
Prompt: R CH RG TIME:nnnnn
This prompt will appear only when the capacity test has been selected. The contents of the battery charge timer will be displayed and updated every 5.5 seconds until its value is zero (full charge). The value of the RTC will be read and stored. This test will terminate if the 121 is removed from and not placed back on charge within 30 seconds.
Prompt: DISCHARGING.
This prompt indicates the 121 is currently discharging its batteries. This will continue until LB2 becomes active (batteries discharged). The LOW BATT flag on indicates that the unit is discharging and the blinking SHIFT flag indicates the unit is active. This test will terminate if the 121 is removed from and not placed back on charge within 30 seconds.
Prompt: RECHARGING.
This prompt indicates that the 121 has reached LB2. The value of the RTC is then read and saved. The unit will start to charge its batteries until LB1 becomes inactive (not low battery). The blinking SHIFT flag indicates the unit is active. When LB1 becomes inactive the RTC is then read and saved. This test will terminate if the 121 is removed from and not placed back on charge within 30 seconds.
Prompt: S TIME: hhmmss
Action:
The 121 no longer checks if it is on charge. If it is the user's responsibility to ensure that the unit remains on charge until the LOW BATT flag is turned off in order for the batteries to fully benefit from this test. The time stored at the beginning of the test is displayed in HHMMSS format. Press <ENTER> to proceed.
Prompt: LB2 TIME: hhmmss
Action:
The time where LB2 became active is displayed. Press <ENTER> to proceed.
Prompt: LB1 TIME: hhmmss
Action:
The time where LB1 became inactive is displayed. Press <ENTER> to continue.
Prompt: % CAPACITY: nnn
Action:
This prompt will appear only if the capacity test was selected. It is a percentage of:
-(time taken to discharge the batteries from a full charge)/eight hours.
Press <ENTER> to proceed.
When either the capacity or conditioning tests are executing and the 121 is removed from charge the following message will be displayed.
Prompt: CHARGER:
Action:
If the unit is placed back on charge within 30 seconds the test will continue. If it is not an error message will be displayed.
Prompt: TEST ABORTED.
Action.
Press <ENTER> to proceed to the `EXIT PROGRAM?` prompt.
INTRODUCTION TO THE LISTING OF THE SUBROUTINE PSBAT1P
The following listing has the heading: "PSBAT1P: 121 BATTERY DISCHARGE & CYCLE PLN VER 2.8 03/23/84 12:41: 49", and is generally outlined as follows:
__________________________________________________________________________ 0-5 "$ PSBAT1P; 121 BATTERY DISCHARGE & CYCLE SUBROUTINE PSBAT1P VERSION 0016" 6-28 HISTORY 07/07/83 Under this data a first programmer is shown as author of a program entitled "121 BATTERY DISCHARGE PROGRAM" 07/13/83 "REMOVED THE CODE THAT ALLOWED THE USER TO MODIFY THE BATTERY CHARGE TIMER." 08/01/83 Under this data a second programmer has the note: "PSBAT1P CREATED" 11/21/83 On November 21, 1983, there is a notation by a third programmer COPY FILE PCURCNP CHANGED, THIS CODE WAS FIXED TO REFLECT THE CHANGES. REMOVED PROGRAM HEADER," 03/23/84 On March 23, 1984, a fourth programmer makes the following entry into the program history: "MODIFIED SO THAT THE SYSTEM DRIVER IS NOT NEEDED. IT WAS ONLY USED TO DETERMINE WHEN FULL CHARGE WAS ACCOMPLISHED. THIS IS NOW DONE BY DETERMINING IF THE INTERPRETER IS CURRENTLY CHARGING THE BATTERIES. IF NOT, TEST TO SEE IF IT IS BECAUSE THE CHARGE POWER HAS BEEN REMOVED. IF IT HAS NOT, THEN THE PRECHARGE IS COMPLETE. THE DISPLAY OF TIME NOW INCREMENTS BY TENTHS INSTEAD OF DECREMENTS BY MINUTES." 29-33 EXTERNALS NUMERIC FUNCTION INPUT 34-45 PSBAT1P PROGRAM CONSTANTS 46-72 PCINCNP INPUT CONTROL ATTRIBUTES 74-101 PCHRCNP CHARACTER AND KEY DEFINITIONS 102-152 PCKBCNP KEYBOARD OPEN MODES, GET AND PUT CONTROL OPTIONS 153-200 PCURCNP URTIO GET AND PUT CONTROL 207-200 PCKBCMP REQUIRED IF `INPUT` FUNCTION AND/OR `PRINT` SUBROUTINE ARE LINKED WITH APPLICATION 227-249 PCLKFDP CLOCK FD AND BUFFER 306-341 PROCEDURE BATT TEST 342-421 PROCEDURE DEEP DISCHARGE 422-449 PROCEDURE PLUG IN CHARGER __________________________________________________________________________
EXCERPTS OF DETAILED LISTING OF SUBROUTINE PSBAT1P
A copy of the listing (except for locations 1-33 which are adequately indicated in the proceding section) is as follows: ##SPC1##
DESCRIPTION OF FUNCTIONS AND FEATURES OF AN EMBODIMENT SUCH AS SHOWN IN FIGS. 12-14
At the time of development of the circuit of FIG. 13, a preliminary summary of available functions and features of the system of FIGS. 12 and 13 was prepared. A copy of excerpts from an edited version of this summary, directed to the commercial Model 121 data terminal unit utilizing the circuit of FIG. 13, is found hereafter.
Preliminary Summary of Present Functions and Features of the 121. Semi Intelligent Battery Controller
The 121 Battery Controller coupled with existing real time clock and NSC-800 CPU integrates a maximum number of features with minimum circuit duplication for an extremely versatile yet low cost solution.
The controller is designed to match the NICAD-Battery characteristics with the 121 requirements and is software and user adjustable to match the customers changing needs.
The most outstanding features of this 121 battery controller combination are as follows:
** Conditioning Charge
The periodic use of this feature virtually eliminates the memory effect of voltage depression and extends normal battery service life @ 1 year. This is accomplished by a controlled deep discharge of both the main batteries and backups. Followed by a normal recharge for 12 hours then automatically switch to stand by charge.
** Capacity Test
The capacity of main and backup batteries can be measured to precisely indicate battery condition and determine when a conditioning charge is necessary or when batteries should be replaced. This is done by a full recharge (12 hours) followed by a controlled timed constant current deep discharge at a C/5 rate, where the capacity is measured by the NSC-800 processor and is displayed as % of full capacity available, followed by a regular charge.
* Charge Efficiency Test
Can be used to find optimum charge rate, charge time, or an indicator of poor battery performance. This test is performed by deep discharging the batteries followed by a timed constant current charge and a timed constant discharge, then the CPU calculates charge efficiency. A normal recharge cycle follows.
* Normal Recharge
A complete recharge is accomplished in 12 hours. At a constant current rate at C/8.3, recharge is controlled by the CPU and initiated by plugging unit into charger.
** Over-Charge Protection
This feature prevents over-charge if unit is continually plugged in and out from a charger such as in route accounting. In addition, when the unit is unplugged from a charger, the CPU will increment an elapsed time counter by a constant of two minutes for every minute off charge, until a maximum of 12 hours has been incremented, (six hours of real time). When returned to charger the CPU will decrement from the incremented amount to determine charge time. Maximum time of 12 hours is set whenever the unit has been turned off.
* Fuel Gauge Feature
From a full charge, (when the charge counter is at 0), the 121 can calculate operating time remaining. This is done by incrementing a counter by a constant for operating time and a constant for standby time to find the amp-hour drained from a fully charged battery pack.
* Variable Recharge Rate
A wide range of charge rates and times are under CPU control. Fast charge models could be made available with a resistor charge and appropriate software.
** Standby Holding Charge
This feature keeps the batteries at full charge ready for use by charging them at a C/100 rate. Control by the CPU.
** Charge Indicator
A positive indication of unit being plugged into charge is displayed regardless of on/off switch. Controlled by CPU.
* Remote control and diagnostics can be performed or telecom of battery parameters.
Battery testing and conditioning can be performed without an onsite inspection.
* Self Diagnostic Battery Testing Capability
Production--During manufacturing, units can be programmed to cycle batteries several times and measure their capacity to identify deflective units before they leave the plant.
Field Test - Battery condition can be easily checked by Field Service.
User Test - The customer can check the condition of his batteries.
** Temperature Protection Over-Under
Over and under temperature protection is an integral part of the battery pack reducing possible abuse and promoting longer battery life. Units will taper back charge rate at low temperature below 10.degree. C. and cut back to trickle rates at high battery temperature above 55.degree. C.
** Low Battery Indicator
Tells user when batteries must be recharged to prevent loss of memory data, giving the user a minimum of 30 minutes standby operation until recharge.
** Deep Discharge Indicator
During a discharge the controller tells CPU when batteries are completely discharged.
* All functions and features excluding (internal) temperature protection are under software control and thus can be modified for optimum performance throughout life.
** Battery pack hardware can accommodate 1/2D cells with only resistor changes from the 3/5C pack.
** The software and functions are the same with 1/2D or 3/5C cells so as to allow the changing of different packs if desired at a later date without changes internal to the 121 hardware or software.
** The present 121 design with the semi-intelligent battery controller remains hardware compatible with the "smart" battery pack.
Beyond this, the complete cost of all parts of the customer replaceable 121 semi-intelligent battery controller is less than $27 including four 3/5C cells. This is based on 100p quantities. Production quantities would represents a parts cost reduction.
______________________________________ Definition of 121 Battery Pack Control Lines Charge Control (P 3-5) CHARGE CONTROL, Standby charge Rate c/100 CHARGE CONTROL, Full charge Rate c/8.3 Discharge (P 3-4) DISCHARGE, Discharge is disabled LB1 is activated DISCHARGE, Discharge is enabled at a -c/5 rate LB2 is now active LB1/LB2 (P 3-1) LB1 is the low battery detect of 4.65 volts and is reset high at 5.4 V. LB1, indicates low battery LB1, not low battery LB2 is the discharged detect of 3.8 volts and is reset high at 5.4 V. LB2, indicates main and backups are completly discharged LB2, not discharged +BATT (P 3-2) Normally +5 volts from 4 cell battery -BATT (P 3-6) Ground line CHARGE Is a constant current charge limited to .66 amp on the CPU board. ______________________________________ 121 Semi-Intelligent Battery Controller Operational Sequence of Required Features CHARGE COUNTER Is a software function to simplify battery pack operational description. (1) Charge counter enables the charge control Charge counter > 0, charge control high Charge counter = 0, charge control low (2) Counter is decremented by real time to zero when charge control is high. (3) Counter is incremented by two times real time up to a maximum of 12 hours whenever unit is taken off charge while turned on. (4) If the unit is turned off and not plugged in to charge, then on power up, counter will set to 12 hours. (5) Counter is set to 12 hours when LB1 or LB2 is pre- sent. (6) Diacharge sets counter to zero. NORMAL RECHARGE/ OVER CHARGED PROTECTED (1) When unit is plugged into charger and charge counter is zero. (2) Charge control will always be low if not plugged in to charge. STAND-BY CHARGE (1) When unit is plugged into charger and charge counter is zero. LOW BATT (DISPLAY) (1) will be displayed during LB1 or LB2 BATT RECHARGING (DISPLAY) (1) When plugged into charge it will always be enabled in one of two modes. (A) Will be on steady when charged counter is zero, signifying a full charge or that a user selectable function is complete. (B) Will blink on and off when charge counter is not zero or user selectable function is in progress. CHARGING FUNCTION AND STATUS (DISPLAY) When unit is turned off or on and plugged into charger if possible (1) Indicate if a user selectable function is in progress and the time remaining to end of function. (2) During normal recharge display the charge counter time such as TIME TO FULL FULL RECHARGE/ and RECHARGE XX:XX READY *CONDITIONING CHARGE (1) Key in "CONDITIONING CHARGE" (2) Discharge until LB2 (3) Display "CONDITIONING COMPLETE" *CAPACITY TEST (1) Key in "CAPACITY TEST" (2) Charge until charge counter is zero (3) Discharge until LB2 (4) Discharge time/s is the percent of full rated capacity (5) Display "XXX % CAPACITY AVAILABLE" ______________________________________ *USER SELECTABLE BATTERY FUNCTIONS These functions can only be started an performed while charger is plugged in with unit turned on. If charger in unplugged before function is complete, then cancel and display "TEST INVALID". * USER SELECTABLE BATTERY FUNCTIONS
These functions can only be started and performed while charger is plugged in with unit turned on. If charger is unplugged before function is complete, then cancel and display "TEST INVALID".
DESCRIPTION OF AN EMBODIMENT CORRESPONDING TO FIGS. 12-14 FOR CONDITIONING SPARE BATTERY PACKS
As previously explained the embodiment of FIGS. 12, 13 and 14 can represent a stationary battery conditioning system, for example for conditioning nickel cadmium battery packs of the Model 121 portable data terminal unit as described herein.
The following shows a copy of a preliminary summary of recommendations for a charger system to be used with spare battery packs for the Model 121.
The "smart" battery pack is shown by FIGS. 2, 3, 4, 5, 9A, 9B, 10 and 11 herein.
This report contains a preliminary summary of recommendations for a dual charger system to be used with spare NT121 battery packs.
Its intended use is to charge spare NT121 battery packs consistent with all functions and features of the NT121 controller combination to ensure equivalent life and reliability is achieved.
The applicable functions of the 121 battery charger are as follows:
Conditioning Charge
Capacity Test
Normal recharge
Over-charge Protection
Variable Recharge Rate
Standby Charge
Charge Indicator
Low Battery Indicator
Deep Discharge Indicator
Software Control
Hardware Control
Hardware Compatible with Smart Battery Pack.
Conditioning Charge
The periodic use of this feature virtually eliminates the memory effect of voltage depression and extends normal battery service life to one year. This is accomplished by a controlled deep discharge of both the main batteries and backups. This is followed by a normal recharge for 12 hours, then automatically switched to standby charge.
Capacity Test
The capacity of the battery pack can be measured precisely to indicate battery condition and can determine when batteries should be replaced. This is done by a full recharge (12 hours) followed by a constant current deep discharge at a C/8 rate where the capacity is measured and displayed as percent of full capacity or absolute capacity in amp hours. This is followed by a regular charge.
Normal Recharge
A complete recharge is accomplished in 12 hours at a constant current rate of C/8.3. Recharge is controlled by the CPU and initiated by the charge counter or the user.
Over-Charge Protection
This feature prevents over-charge and keeps the battery at a full charge. When the unit is unplugged from a power source, the CPU will increment an elapsed time counter by a constant of one minute for every 20 minutes off charge. Until a maximum of 12 hours has been reached (10 days of real time) when returned to a charge, the CPU will decrement from the incremented time to determine charge time. Maximum charge time of 12 hours is set whenever the batteries are removed from the holder.
Variable Recharge Rate
A wide range of charge rates and times are under CPU control. Fast charge models could be made available with a resistor charge and appropriate software.
Stand-by Holding Charge
This feature keeps the batteries at full charge ready for use by charging them at a C/100 rate. Control by the CPU.
Charge Indicator
A positive indication of unit being plugged into charge is displayed regardless of on/off switch. Controlled by CPU.
Full Charge Indication
To indicate to the user that the battery pack is fully charged and ready for use.
Low Battery Indicator
Indicates a dead battery. May not be required.
Deep Discharge Indication
Indicates a deep discharge is complete. May not be required.
Software Control
For ease of future modification if required. Hardare Compatible with the "smart" battery pack.
DESCRIPTION OF FIGS. 15, 16A AND 16B
The general block diagram of FIG. 12, the more specific block diagram of FIG. 5, and the block diagram of FIG. 15 are all considered applicable to a preferred commercial implementation of the present invention whose relevant electric circuitry is shown in greater detail in FIGS. 16A and 16B. (FIG. 5 would have the label for block 20 changed to read RECHARGEABLE MAIN AND BACKUP BATTERY MEANS; and would have labels for blocks 91 and 92 of MAIN BATTERY VOLTAGE MONITOR and BACKUP BATTERY VOLTAGE MONITOR in order to more precisely represent the specific implementation of FIGS. 16A and 16B.) The physical appearance of a portable data system corresponding to the preferred commercial implementation is essentially represented in FIG. 1, while the basic appearance of the main battery pack is essentially as represented in FIG. 4. As best seen in FIG. 16B, a departure from the embodiment of FIGS. 1 through 11 resides in the provision of a main battery means indicated diagramatically at 16-20 and a backup battery means indicated at 16-21, the backup battery means preferably also being a rechargeable battery with the same nominal output voltage. In the illustrated arrangement of FIG. 16B, the main battery is connected via contact SWIA of a manually operated switch SW1 to a conductor MBATS. A fuse 16-22 may be contained within the battery pack housing represented by the dash line 16-23. Further, a temperature sensor component 16-24 for measuring ambient temperature is preferably contained within the housing 16-23 containing the main battery 16-20.
The relevant signals and conductors of the system of FIG. 15 are designated with the same symbols as the corresponding signals and conductors in FIGS. 16A and 16B for convenience in correlating these figures. It will be understood, however, that the specific implementation for component 15-10 shown in FIGS. 16A and 16B is given by way of preferred example only, and not by way of limitation.
Referring to FIG. 15, the power control component 15-10 shown at the upper central part of the figure, may include the specific circuits of FIGS. 16A and 16B, as a preferred exemplary instance. Thus, component 15-10 preferably includes main battery means, standby battery means, a charge voltage input circuit, a main battery charging circuit, a backup battery charging circuit, individual main and backup battery discharge circuits, regulator circuitry including a charging voltage regulating circuit, a main battery voltage regulating circuit and a backup battery regulating circuit, and a low power detection circuit.
A tabulation of the components of FIG. 15 is as follows:
______________________________________ 15-10 Power Control circuitry (e.g. FIGS. 16A and 16B) 15-11 Analog to digital converter (e.g. type ADC0838CCN of National Semiconductor Corp. with differential configuration) 15-12 Telecom port for coupling e.g. to a modem and a printer 15-13 Buzzer (e.g. driven at 2048 hertz with approximately a twenty percent duty cycle) 15-14 Parallel Interface Adapter (e.g. type MC 146823 of Motorola, Inc.) 15-15 Red LED signal source (e.g. on keyboard
15- 16 to indicate when the unit is plugged into a charger) 15-16 Keyboard (e.g. as shown at 11 in FIG. 1) 15-17 Real time clock (e.g. type 146818 driven by a 32.768 kHz crystal) 15-18 Read only memory (e.g. Intel compatible NMOS EPROMS) 15-19
Gate array (e.g. type SCX 6224 of National Semiconductor Corp.) 15-20 Static random access memory (e.g. CMOS RAM for maximum battery life) 15-21 Scratch pad memory (e.g. a CMOS static RAM chip with address decoding in the gate array 15-19 or a dynamic random access memory with address decoding in the gate array 15-19) 15-22 Dynamic random access memory (e.g. with either seven bit or eight bit refresh) 15-23 Optional error correction circuit (ECC) 15-24 Optional CMOS RAM data bus buffer (e.g. a 74HCT245 bidirectional buffer with TTL compatible inputs for translating from NMOS/TTL levels from the dynamic random access memory 15-22 or from the NMOS electrically programmable read only memory 15-18 to the CMOS levels for the central processing unit 15-25). 15-25 Central processing unit (e.g. type NSC 800N high-performance low-power microprocessor of National Semiconductor Corp.) 15-26 Display module (e.g. a two line, 32- character alphanumeric LCD display, with a 64 character set and eight programmable characters) ______________________________________
DESCRIPTION OF A SPECIFIC COMMERCIAL IMPLEMENTATION OF FIG. 15
An exemplary commercial embodiment in accordance with FIG. 15 is made up of four boards, a ROM board, a CPU board, a RAM board and a battery board, and also the LCD display module 15-26 and the keyboard module 15-16. The ROM, CPU, and RAM boards mate together via an eighty pin stake header system. The display module 15-26 is mounted on the CPU board and connects to the CPU 15-25 through a twenty-one pin ribbon cable. The keyboard 15-16 plugs into the ROM board via a seventeen pin stake header. The battery board connects to the CPU board via a six conductor pressure contact system such as indicated in FIG. 2 and FIG. 5 at 41, 51.
The CPU board contains all logic decoding for every device in the unit except for one three-to-eight decoder which is on the CMOS RAM board, and also contains power control circuitry such as shown in FIGS. 16A and 16B, interface circuitry for the communication port (component 15-12, FIG. 15) and components performing various other functions.
The central processing unit 15-25 in a specific implementation of FIG. 15 is of a type which combines the features of the Intel 8085 and the Zilog Z80 in P2CMOS technology. The CPU has direct addressing for 64K bytes of memory, 250 input/output devices, and five prioritized interrupts. The definition of the interrupts is given below.
NMI--DEBUG MONITOR
RSTA--PARALLEL INTERFACE ADAPTER
RSTB--REAL TIME CLOCK INTERRUPT
RSTC--KEYBOARD INTERRUPT
INTR--MEMORY ERROR.
Upon power up, the NSC800 CPU is reset for approximately 150 miliseconds and then begins execution from ROM component 15-18 at address 000H. The processor frequency is programmable. The CPU clock can be stopped in a CMOS version to conserve power. Further detail concerning the NSC800 can be found in National Semiconductor's "NSC800 Microprocessor Handbook".
The gate array component 15-19 is designed to minimize the number of integrated circuits in the unit and to maximize its flexibility. The gate array is a type 6224 chip which contains memory mapping registers that expand the total address capabilities of the NSC800. Other major features include a self-scanning keyboard circuit, logic decoding for all devices in the unit, and processor frequency control circuitry.
The parallel interface adapter chip on the CPU board contains three eight-bit programmable input/output ports A, B and C. Port A controls the battery charge/discharge functions, battery select functions, and power control for the analog to digital converter 15-11. Port B contains three bits for communication to the A/D converter 15-11, a buzzer port and four bits for telecommunications (via component 15-12). Port C has one bit for controlling LED light source 15-15 on the keyboard 15-16
to indicate that the charger is plugged in, and seven bits used for telecommunications (via component 15-12). The top four bits of Port C can also be programmed as interrupts which are brought into the NSC800 at the RSTA input. Reference may be made to Motorola's 146823 PIA specification for more detail.
All digital integrated circuits are regulated at 4.65 volts for normal operation. The regulation circuit of component 15-10 is designed to run independently either from a charger, from a main battery, or from a backup battery. This is accomplished through PA0 and PA3 on the PIA chip 15-14. In the event that the regulated voltage falls below 4.65 volts, the signal LP (complement) from component 15-10 goes low and brings both the main and backup batteries on line. This signal (LP) will also "wake up" the system through gate array 15-19 if it was previously in a low power mode. The processor component 15-25 can read the state of the line LP from a port of the gate array 15-19.
In the CMOS version, the 4.65 volt regulation circuit can be switched to regulate at 2.5 volts via the line LOW PWR which originates at the gate array 15-19 and shifts the reference voltage of the regulation circuit of component 15-10.
Component 15-11 comprises a serial, differentially configured analog to digital converter. The parameters measured are main battery voltage, backup battery voltage, charger voltage, and main battery temperature. This information is used by the processor 15-25 to conrol battery charge/discharge cycles and to alert the end user of low battery conditions.
The differntial mode of component 15-11 effectively increases the resolution to nine bits (512 steps) from eight bits (256 steps) over a given range of measurement. However, in the differential mode, two channels are required per parameter to be measured as opposed to one channel in a single-ended mode. Each of the parameters and its associated channels are given below.
______________________________________ PARAMETER CHANNELS ______________________________________ CHARGE VOLTAGE 0,1 TEMPERATURE 2,3 BACKUP BATTERIES 4,5 MAIN BATTERIES 6,7 ______________________________________
One channel associated with each parameter is tied directly to the 2.5 volt reference (VR). These channels are 1,3, 5 and 7. With this setup, the voltage span on channels 0, 2, 4 and 6 is two times VR (5.00 volts), or the supply voltage of the A/D converter 15-11, whichever is at a lower voltage. Since the supply to the A/D converter is regulated to 4.65 volts, it becomes the upper limit for all channels.
The A/D converter 15-11 is read serially on Port B of the PIA chip 15-14, and is powered up or down by a bit on Port A. When the A/D converter is powered down (PA6=0), the control lines to the A/D converter on Port B should be at logic zero (0).
A reading of the A/D converter commences by bringing a pin (PB0) of the PIA to a low state, and then supplying from a further pin (PB1) of the PIA a clock signal for clocking into the A/D converter the proper channel and mode (differential) (via PIA pin PB2). The clock signal to the A/D converter must hvae a 40/60 duty cycle minimum. Next, the A/D converter is reprogrammed to supply a channel reading to the PIA (at pin PB2).
If a 00H is read from a channel of the A/D converter, (such as channel 0) then the other channel of that pair must be read (channel 1 in this case). If both channels read zero, then the parameter is at the midpoint of its range.
In the ROM board, each ROM socket has associated jumpers to allow the use of 8K bytes, 16K bytes, 32K bytes, and 64K bytes Intel compatible NMOS EPROMs. Each ROM socket can also handle a SEEQ compatible 8K byte EPROM. In this mode, the particular ROM socket is set up as a 8K byte EPROM.
Each ROM in the commercial unit can be powered up or powered down under software control to conserve power. The ROMs must be NMOS type or be able to withstand being over-driven on all of the pins in the power down mode. Each ROM receives its power through a saturated switch which is controlled through the MMU registers in the gate array 15-19.
The real time clock 15-17 provides time-of-day functions for the commercial unit and also a 8192 Hz square wave for driving circuitry in the gate array 15-19 on the CPU board. A programmable interrupt is available from the real time clock to the RSTB input of the CPU 15-25. The real time clock chip 15-17 is driven by a crystal 15-30 and may be adjusted by means of a variable capacitor.
The buzzer circuit 15-13 on the ROM board is controlled by softward through PB7 on the PIA chip 15-14 of the CPU board. Software should drive the buzzer 15-13 at 2048 Hz with approximately a twenty percent duty cycle (PB7=1). The buzzer signal is inverted by a PNP transistor that drives the charge jack (J6, FIG. 16A) to allow an external buzzer to be connected to the commercial unit.
An optional LED component 15-15 can be added to the keyboard 15-16. A transistor and current limiting resistors are added to the ROM board for controlling this LED. The transistor is turned on by making PC0=1 of the PIA chip 15-14 on the CPU board.
A 17 pin socket is provided on the ROM board for keyboard attachment. A backlight control signal is brought up to this socket in case an electroluminescent panel is used on the keyboard 15-16. The signals on this connector originate from the gate array 15-19 on the CPU board.
The DRAM board has two banks of RAM that accept 64K by one bit or 256K by one bit chips with either 7-bit or 8-bit refresh. Loading is customer dependent.
For maximum data integrity, an optional error correction circuit 15-23 can be loaded onto the RAM board. If the error correction circuit is loaded, then each bank of RAM of component 15-22 must also be loaded with four extra DRAMs to store the parity code. The circuit 15-23 will detect and correct all single bit errors and also alert the CPU component 15-25, in this case on the INTR interrupt.
The bidirectional buffer 15-24 is provided with TTL compatible inputs on the RAM board and is used to translate the data bus from NMOS/TTL levels from the DRAM component 15-22, and from the NMOS ROM component 15-18 of the ROM board to CMOS levels for the CPU component 15-25 on the CPU board. Also, the buffer 15-24 unloads the data bus from the CPU component 15-25, which minimizes propagation delays to the gate array 15-19.
A 2K byte or 8K byte CMOS RAM chip forms component 15-21 and is loaded on the DRAM board to provide "scratch pad area" for the system software. Jumpers are included to switch between the 2K or 8K device. If an 8K byte device is loaded, 4K bytes of this are available. The address decoding for this chip 15-21 is done in the gate array 15-19.
An option in the commercial unit is a completely static CMOS RAM board as component 15-20. This provides maximum battery life for the customer. There are eight positions for 8K byte CMOS RAM chips for a total of 64K bytes maximum. Loading is customer dependent. Decoding is provided by a three to eight demultiplexer.
The same data bus buffer of component 15-24 is loaded on the CMOS RAM board and serves as a translator from NMOS EPROMs to CMOS levels for the CPU component 15-25.
The CMOS RAM board has the same option for scratch pad RAM as the DRAM board previously discussed.
The main battery pack (16-25, FIG. 16B) has a printed circuit board inside with a six conductor flex cable for mating to the CPU board. Also on this board is a LM35 temperature sensor 16-24 for monitoring battery temperature during charge cycles. A one microfarad capacitor (C1, FIG. 16B) is across the LM35 component 16-24 to filter out noise. The LM35 is read by the A/D converter 15-11 on the CPU board.
A custom LCD module for component 15-16 is available from Seiko and plugs into the CPU board. This module is temperature compensated for minus twenty degrees centigrade to sixty degress centigrade operation. The module provides two by sixteen dot matrix display with self-scanning features. Also in the module are four annunciators that are controlled by a LCD driver chip on the CPU board.
The commercial unit is set up to handle a forty key keyboard